Authors : Monika Intan Kulsumatuti; Sodiq Kamal

Volume/Issue : Volume 10 - 2025, Issue 10 - October

Google Scholar : https://tinyurl.com/4z8t5n55

Scribd : https://tinyurl.com/369f26zm

DOI : https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/25oct720

Note : A published paper may take 4-5 working days from the publication date to appear in PlumX Metrics, Semantic Scholar, and ResearchGate.

Note : Google Scholar may take 30 to 40 days to display the article.

Abstract : Hypertension is one of the leading risk factors for cardiovascular disease and disproportionately affects women of reproductive age. Selecting a safe and effective contraceptive method for hypertensive women is critical to prevent complications. Estrogen-containing contraceptives may exacerbate blood pressure elevation and increase cardiovascular risk. This literature review aims to identify safe contraceptive methods for women with hypertension and summarize the current evidence to guide clinical decision-making. A systematic search was conducted in PubMed and ScienceDirect using keywords related to contraception, hypertension, and women. Inclusion criteria covered studies published between 2020– 2025 involving hypertensive women using hormonal or non-hormonal contraceptives, reporting blood pressure or cardiovascular outcomes. Following PRISMA guidelines, 20 studies were selected and synthesized narratively. Combined hormonal contraceptives (CHC) were associated with increased blood pressure and higher stroke risk (adjusted OR 1.44– 2.08). Progestin-only methods (POP, DMPA, implants) demonstrated no significant effect on blood pressure. Intrauterine devices (copper IUD and LNG-IUD) were the safest options, with no effect on blood pressure and high contraceptive efficacy. Contraceptive choices for women with hypertension should prioritize progestin-only and non-hormonal methods. CHC should be avoided in women with uncontrolled hypertension. Comprehensive counseling and routine blood pressure monitoring are essential to ensure safety and optimize reproductive health outcomes.

Keywords : Hypertension, Contraception, Women, Progestin-Only, IUD, Systematic Review.

References :

1. M. Burnier dan A. Damianaki, “Hypertension as Cardiovascular Risk Factor in Chronic Kidney Disease,” Circ. Res., vol. 132, no. 8, hal. 1050–1063, 2023, doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.122.321762.
2. S. Teal dan A. Edelman, “Contraception Selection, Effectiveness, and Adverse Effects: A Review,” Jama, vol. 326, no. 24, hal. 2507–2518, 2021, doi: 10.1001/jama.2021.21392.
3. I. S. de Souza et al., “Association between the use of oral contraceptives and the occurrence of systemic hypertension: A systematic review with statistical comparison between randomized clinical trial interventions,” Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol. X, vol. 22, no. November 2023, 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.eurox.2024.100307.
4. G. M. Houvèssou, S. Farías-Antúnez, dan M. F. da Silveira, “Combined hormonal contraceptives use among women with contraindications according to the WHO criteria: A systematic review,” Sex. Reprod. Healthc., vol. 27, no. June 2020, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.srhc.2020.100587.
5. U. A. Zuhaira, E. P. Pamungkasari, dan V. Widyaningsih, “Meta-Analysis the Effect of Oral Combination Contraceptive on Hypertension and Stroke,” J. Matern. Child Heal., vol. 7, no. 5, hal. 520–531, 2022, doi: 10.26911/thejmch.2022.07.05.03.
6. L. Kovell, C. V. Meyerovitz, D. Ayturk, S. Person, S. P. Juraschek, dan T. A. M. Simas, “Hypertension and Contraception Use Among Women of Child-Bearing Age in the United States From 2001-2018,” J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., vol. 77, no. 18, hal. 3395, 2021, doi: 10.1016/s0735-1097(21)04749-5.
7. J. D. Akins, T. Washio, dan Q. Fu, “Autonomic control of blood pressure in women: The roles of hypertension and aging,” Auton. Neurosci. Basic Clin., vol. 260, no. March, 2025, doi: 10.1016/j.autneu.2025.103274.
8. C. Z. Kalenga et al., “The effect of non-oral hormonal contraceptives on hypertension and blood pressure: A systematic review and meta-analysis,” Physiol. Rep., vol. 10, no. 9, hal. 1–15, 2022, doi: 10.14814/phy2.15267.
9. C. Shufelt dan A. Levee, “Hormonal Contraception in Women with Hypertension,” JAMA - J. Am. Med. Assoc., vol. 324, no. 14, hal. 1451–1452, 2020, doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.11935.
10. P. X. de Araújo, P. Moreira, D. C. de Almeida, A. A. de Souza, dan M. do Carmo Franco, “Oral contraceptives in adolescents: a retrospective population-based study on blood pressure and metabolic dysregulation,” Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol., vol. 80, no. 7, hal. 1097–1103, 2024, doi: 10.1007/s00228-024-03671-z.
11. F. Sánchez-Aguirre, J. Fierro-Fuentes, dan L. Basurto-Acevedo, “Hormonal contraception in women with hypertension,” Cardiovasc. Metab. Sci., vol. 35, no. March, hal. s28–s31, 2024, doi: 10.35366/115057.
12. K. Coleman-Minahan, E. J. Ela, K. White, dan D. Grossman, “Contraindications to Hormonal Contraception Among Postpartum Women in Texas,” Obstet. Gynecol., vol. 137, no. 5, hal. 907–915, 2021, doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000004347.
13. T. D. Dilmurodovna, “Prevalence Indicators of Arterial Hypertension in The Population,” Αγαη, vol. 15, no. 1, hal. 37–48, 2024.
14. Y. H. Tang, Y. He, dan X. Y. Yao, “Do previous contraceptive methods have an impact on postmenopausal women’s health? A questionnaire study,” Reprod. Dev. Med., vol. 8, no. 4, hal. 220–225, 2024, doi: 10.1097/RD9.0000000000000115.
15. R. Cífková, “Hypertension in Pregnancy: A Diagnostic and Therapeutic Overview,” High Blood Press. Cardiovasc. Prev., vol. 30, no. 4, hal. 289–303, 2023, doi: 10.1007/s40292-023-00582-5.
16. N. A. Cameron, C. A. Blyler, dan N. A. Bello, “Oral Contraceptive Pills and Hypertension: A Review of Current Evidence and Recommendations,” Hypertension, vol. 80, no. 5, hal. 924–935, 2023, doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.122.20018.
17. M. Lederle, J. Tempes, dan E. M. Bitzer, “Application of Andersen’s behavioural model of health services use: A scoping review with a focus on qualitative health services research,” BMJ Open, vol. 11, no. 5, hal. 1–13, 2021, doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-045018.
18. M. R. Azizi, R. Atlasi, A. Ziapour, J. Abbas, dan R. Naemi, “Innovative human resource management strategies during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic narrative review approach,” Heliyon, vol. 7, no. 6, hal. e07233, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07233.
19. M. N. Khan, M. M. Islam, dan R. M. Islam, “Pattern of contraceptive use among reproductive-aged women with diabetes and/or hypertension: findings from Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey,” BMC Womens. Health, vol. 22, no. 1, hal. 1–8, 2022, doi: 10.1186/s12905-022-01822-x.
20. A. D. Laksono, N. Rohmah, dan H. Megatsari, “Barriers for multiparous women to using long-term contraceptive methods in Southeast Asia: case study in Philippines and Indonesia,” BMC Public Health, vol. 22, no. 1, hal. 1–8, 2022, doi: 10.1186/s12889-022-13844-z.
21. N. Zakiyah, A. Suciati, C. A. Afina, dan S. D. Alfian, “The use of oral contraceptives and the risks of developing prehypertension and hypertension in women of reproductive age : findings from a population-based survey in Indonesia,” BMC Public Health, vol. 25, no. 1524, hal. 1–13, 2025.
22. F. Farrukh et al., “Hypertension in Women: A South-Asian Perspective,” Front. Cardiovasc. Med., vol. 9, no. August, hal. 1–15, 2022, doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.880374.
23. Z. Aditiya Kusumaningtiyas, D. Tamtomo, dan B. Murti, “Meta-Analysis the Effect of Hormonal Contraception on the Weight Gain and Hypertension in Women of Reproductive Age,” J. Matern. Child Heal., vol. 7, no. 6, hal. 699–710, 2022, doi: 10.26911/thejmch.2022.07.06.08.
24. C. C. Harper et al., “Agency in Contraceptive Decision-Making in Patient Care: a Psychometric Measure,” J. Gen. Intern. Med., vol. 38, no. 6, hal. 1366–1374, 2023, doi: 10.1007/s11606-022-07774-0.