Authors : Hafsa Zainab; J. Shreshta; P. V. S. S. Kavya Sree; Anuradha Kumari; R. Lathanya

Volume/Issue : Volume 11 - 2026, Issue 3 - March

Google Scholar : https://tinyurl.com/yck7enw4

Scribd : https://tinyurl.com/y4v9xzwm

DOI : https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/26mar785

Note : A published paper may take 4-5 working days from the publication date to appear in PlumX Metrics, Semantic Scholar, and ResearchGate.

Abstract : The rapid evolution of the global transportation sector has intensified the demand for energy-efficient, environmentally friendly, and technologically advanced mobility solutions. Conventional internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles have long dominated the automotive industry; however, their dependence on fossil fuels, increasing greenhouse gas emissions, and declining fuel reserves have accelerated the transition toward electrified transportation systems. Electric Vehicles (EVs) and Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs) have emerged as promising alternatives that can significantly reduce emissions, improve energy efficiency, and enhance overall vehicle performance. A critical component that determines the performance, efficiency, and operational flexibility of these vehicles is the powertrain topology, which defines how various energy sources, electric motors, power electronics, and energy storage systems interact to deliver propulsion. This study presents a comprehensive peer study on different powertrain topologies used in EVs and HEVs, focusing on their structural configurations, operating principles, advantages, and limitations. The research examines major architectures including series hybrid, parallel hybrid, series–parallel hybrid, and fully electric powertrain systems. The study also evaluates the role of key subsystems such as electric motors, battery packs, power converters, and energy management strategies in influencing vehicle efficiency and driving performance. By comparing these topologies from the perspectives of energy utilization, complexity, cost, and scalability, the paper highlights the most suitable configurations for various transportation requirements ranging from urban commuting to long-distance travel. Furthermore, the analysis emphasizes the technological advancements in battery technology, regenerative braking, and intelligent power management that enhance the effectiveness of modern EV and HEV systems. The findings of this peer study provide valuable insights into the design considerations and performance trade-offs associated with different powertrain architectures. Ultimately, the research contributes to a deeper understanding of how optimized powertrain topologies can support the development of sustainable, efficient, and reliable next-generation electric mobility solutions.

Keywords : Electric Vehicle, Hybrid Electric Vehicle, Electric Vehicle Powertrain, Energy Storage Systems, Vehicle Dynamics

References :

1. N. Nireekshana, A. Archana, and K. Pullareddy, “A Classical H6 Topology for Modern PV Inverter Design,” in Power Energy and Secure Smart Technologies, CRC Press, 2025, pp. 1–7. Accessed: Mar. 05, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.1201/9781003661917-1/classical-h6-topology-modern-pv-inverter-design-namburi-nireekshana-archana-pullareddy-kanth-rajini
2. C. P. Prasad and N. Nireekshan, “A Higher Voltage Multilevel Inverter with Reduced Switches for Industrial Drive,” Int. J. Sci. Eng. Technol. Res. IJSETR, vol. 5, no. 1, 2016, Accessed: Mar. 05, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://methodist.edu.in/web/uploads/naac/2019-11-19%2012_24_22pm%2092.pdf
3. N. Namburi Nireekshana and K. R. Kumar, “A Modern Distribution Power Flow Controller With A PID-Fuzzy Approach: Improves The Power Quality,” Accessed April. p. 25, 2024. Accessed: Mar. 05, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://www.academia.edu/download/112956747/ijeer_120124.pdf
4. N. Nireekshana, N. Ravi, and K. R. Kumar, “A modern distribution power flow controller with a PID-fuzzy approach: Improves the power quality,” Int. J. Electr. Electron. Res., vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 167–171, 2024.
5. N. Nireekshana, R. Ramachandran, and G. V. Narayana, “A new soft computing fuzzy logic frequency regulation scheme for two area hybrid power systems,” Int. J. Electr. Electron. Res., vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 705–710, 2023.
6. N. Nireekshana, R. Ramachandran, and G. Narayana, “A novel swarm approach for regulating load frequency in two-area energy systems,” Int J Electr Electron Res, vol. 11, no. 2, p. 371, 2023.
7. N. Nireekshana, R. Ramachandran, and G. V. Narayana, “A Peer Survey on Load Frequency Contol in Isolated Power System with Novel Topologies,” Int J Eng Adv Technol IJEAT, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 82–88, 2021.
8. N. Nireekshana, “A POD Modulation Technique Based Transformer less HERIC Topology for PV Grid Tied-Inverter,” in E3S Web of Conferences, EDP Sciences, 2025, p. 01001. Accessed: Mar. 05, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://www.e3s-conferences.org/articles/e3sconf/abs/2025/16/e3sconf_icregcsd2025_01001/e3sconf_icregcsd2025_01001.html
9. N. Nireekshana, R. Ramachandran, and G. V. Narayana, “An innovative fuzzy logic frequency regulation strategy for two-area power systems,” Int J Power Electron Drive Syst IJPEDS, vol. 15, no. 1, p. 603, 2024.
10. N. Nireekshana, T. H. Nerlekar, N. Kumar, and M. Mohsin, “An Innovative Solar Based Robotic Floor Cleaner,” Int. J. Innov. Sci. Res. Technol. IJISRT, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 1880–1885, 2023.
11. N. NIREEKSHANA, R. Ramachandran, and G. V. Narayana, “An intelligent technique for load frequency control in hybrid power system,” 2023, Accessed: Mar. 05, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://www.academia.edu/download/107660997/latest.pdf
12. N. Nireekshana, M. A. Goud, R. B. Shankar, and G. N. S. Chandra, “Solar Powered Multipurpose Agriculture Robot,” Int. J. Innov. Sci. Res. Technol., vol. 8, no. 5, p. 299, 2023.
13. N. NIREEKSHANA, K. RAHUL, A. ARCHANA, B. GOUTHAM, K. M. AKSHAY, and N. REDDY, “REACTIVE POWER MANAGEMENT THROUGH INTER PHASE POWER CONTROLLER,” Int. J., pp. 2772–2781, 2024.
14. N. Nireekshana, “Reactive Power Compensation in High Power Applications by Bidirectionalcasceded H-Bridge Based Statcom”, Accessed: Mar. 05, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://methodist.edu.in/web/uploads/naac/2019-11-19%2012_45_47pm%20152.pdf
15. N. Nireekshana, R. Ramachandran, and G. V. Narayana, “Novel Intelligence ANFIS Technique for Two-Area Hybrid Power System’s Load Frequency Regulation,” in E3S Web of Conferences, EDP Sciences, 2024, p. 02005. Accessed: Mar. 05, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://www.e3s-conferences.org/articles/e3sconf/abs/2024/02/e3sconf_icregcsd2023_02005/e3sconf_icregcsd2023_02005.html
16. N. Nireekshana, R. R. Chandran, and G. V. Narayana, “Frequency Regulation in Two Area System with PSO Driven PID Technique,” J Power Electron Power Syst, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 8–20, 2022.
17. N. Nireekshana, S. Unissa, B. R. Jaleja, C. M. Tejaswi, P. M. Mahitha, and P. Vaishnavi, “FACTS: Present and future,” Int J Innov Sci Res Technol, vol. 9, no. 9, pp. 2350–2358, 2024.
18. N. Nireekshana, K. P. Reddy, A. Archana, and P. R. Kanth, “Solar-Assisted Smart Driving System for Sustainable Transportation,” Int. J. Innov. Sci. Res. Technol., vol. 10, no. 8, pp. 168–173, 2025.
19. N. Nireekshana, M. A. Goud, R. B. Shankar, and G. N. S. Chandra, “Solar Powered Multipurpose Agriculture Robot,” Int. J. Innov. Sci. Res. Technol., vol. 8, no. 5, p. 299, 2023.
20. N. NIREEKSHANA, A. SHIVA, A. FURKHAN, M. SRIDHAR, A. OMPRAKASH, and K. K. SHIVA, “SIX PULSE TYPE SEGMENTED THYRISTOR CONTROLLED REACTOR WITH FIXED CAPACITOR FOR REACTIVE POWER COMPENSATION,” Int. J., pp. 3153–3159, 2024.
21. N. Nireekshana, G. M. Krishna, A. George Muller, K. Sai Manideep, and M. Abdul Mukheem, “Power Quality Improving using FCL and DVR,” Int. J. Innov. Sci. Res. Technol. IJISRT, pp. 624–632, May 2024, doi: 10.38124/ijisrt/IJISRT24MAY025.
22. X. Zhou, W. Lin, R. Kumar, P. Cui, and Z. Ma, “A data-driven strategy using long short term memory models and reinforcement learning to predict building electricity consumption,” Appl. Energy, vol. 306, p. 118078, 2022.
23. N. Nireekshana, R. Ramachandran, and G. Narayana, “A Novel Swarm Approach for Regulating Load Frequency in Two-Area Energy Systems,” Int J Electr Electron Res, vol. 11, pp. 371–377, 2023.