Authors : Mizwar Latjengke; Anton Kaharu; Mohammad Yusuf Tuloli

Volume/Issue : Volume 11 - 2026, Issue 6 - June

Google Scholar : https://tinyurl.com/bdse3xkp

Scribd : https://tinyurl.com/58b8nsze

DOI : https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/26jun2054

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Abstract : Determining public transportation fares in Indonesia often triggers conflict between operators, users, and the government due to a lack of synthesized national benchmarks. This study aims to establish a comprehensive national synthesis of public transportation fares by integrating three critical parameters: Vehicle Operating Costs (VOC), Ability to Pay (ATP), and Willingness to Pay (WTP). Utilizing a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) and quantitative meta-synthesis approach guided by the PRISMA 2020 statement, 20 eligible empirical studies across various regions in Indonesia were analyzed after undergoing rigorous quality appraisal. The meta-synthesis reveals a distinct structural pattern in the national public transport pricing ecosystem, where the average values are formulated as VOC < ATP > WTP < Actual Fare. Specifically, the synthesized national averages are IDR 11,353/km for VOC, IDR 14,680 for ATP, IDR 13,370 for WTP, and IDR 22,686 for the Actual Fare. This pattern exposes a systemic gap: while the public's financial capacity (ATP) is theoretically sufficient to cover operating costs, their actual willingness to pay (WTP) remains low, yet the actual fares charged in the field significantly exceed both thresholds. This study concludes that the current tariff structure imposes an inequitable cost burden on passengers. The findings provide an evidence-based framework for policymakers to design targeted subsidy schemes and service-quality improvements to bridge the tariff-affordability gap.

Keywords : Public Transportation; Fare Synthesis; Vehicle Operating Cost (VOC); Ability to Pay (ATP); Willingness to Pay (WTP); Systematic Literature Review.

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