A Review of Management and Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus


Authors : Kahkasha Bano; Dr. Rahul Prem Kumar Mishra

Volume/Issue : Volume 9 - 2024, Issue 12 - December

Google Scholar : https://tinyurl.com/338xdnhd

Scribd : https://tinyurl.com/5n63uecv

DOI : https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14613825

Abstract : This section discusses diabetes and its complications, which include immune system dysfunction, periodontal disease, retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy (both somatic and autonomic), cardiovascular diseases, and diabetic foot. Diabetes is classified into two types: Type I (Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus, IDDM) and Type II (Non-Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus, NIDDM). Type I diabetes is an autoimmune disorder, characterized by an inflammatory response around the insulin-producing islet cells, leading to their destruction. In contrast, Type II diabetes is primarily associated with insulin resistance and decreased insulin production. Diabetes is defined through self-reporting or elevated blood glucose levels, with values of ≥126 mg/dL for fasting glucose or ≥220 mg/dL for non-fasting glucose. According to the International Diabetes Federation (IDF), 8.8% of adults worldwide are affected by diabetes, with a higher prevalence in men (9.6%) compared to women (9.0%). Treatment for diabetes often involves medications such as sulfonylureas, biguanides, and GLP-1 receptor agonists. Adopting seven key self-care practices—such as maintaining a healthy diet, regular exercise, blood sugar management, medication adherence, effective problem- solving, positive coping strategies, and risk reduction— can significantly improve health outcomes for people with diabetes.

Keywords : Diabetes Mellitus, Classification, Treatment & Management, Diagnosis

References :

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This section discusses diabetes and its complications, which include immune system dysfunction, periodontal disease, retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy (both somatic and autonomic), cardiovascular diseases, and diabetic foot. Diabetes is classified into two types: Type I (Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus, IDDM) and Type II (Non-Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus, NIDDM). Type I diabetes is an autoimmune disorder, characterized by an inflammatory response around the insulin-producing islet cells, leading to their destruction. In contrast, Type II diabetes is primarily associated with insulin resistance and decreased insulin production. Diabetes is defined through self-reporting or elevated blood glucose levels, with values of ≥126 mg/dL for fasting glucose or ≥220 mg/dL for non-fasting glucose. According to the International Diabetes Federation (IDF), 8.8% of adults worldwide are affected by diabetes, with a higher prevalence in men (9.6%) compared to women (9.0%). Treatment for diabetes often involves medications such as sulfonylureas, biguanides, and GLP-1 receptor agonists. Adopting seven key self-care practices—such as maintaining a healthy diet, regular exercise, blood sugar management, medication adherence, effective problem- solving, positive coping strategies, and risk reduction— can significantly improve health outcomes for people with diabetes.

Keywords : Diabetes Mellitus, Classification, Treatment & Management, Diagnosis

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