Authors : Bheulah G L; Dr. G A Rathy; Dr. P Sivasankar; Dr. G Kulanthaivel; Dr. R Suja Mani Malar

Volume/Issue : Volume 10 - 2025, Issue 7 - July

Google Scholar : https://tinyurl.com/4ztpnsap

DOI : https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/25jul150

Note : A published paper may take 4-5 working days from the publication date to appear in PlumX Metrics, Semantic Scholar, and ResearchGate.

Note : Google Scholar may take 30 to 40 days to display the article.

Abstract : For long-distance communication in the air, Electromagnetic (EM) waves are often used as well. However, when used for communication through soil, their performance becomes compromised due to the varying composition of the soil such as red soil or black cotton soil. Soil with these properties absorbs and diffraction is very high, which results in data loss. Due to the underground environment, path loss and signal attenuation increase as transmission distance increases. In modern times, communication systems are primarily used underground to transmit data in fields such as agriculture, tunnel monitoring, and underground infrastructure. These communications are supported by Wireless Underground Sensor Networks (WUSN) that have been developed. Due to the challenges faced with underground applications of EM waves, Magnetic Induction (MI) has become more effective. The use of magnetic coils as transceivers provides a more stable and efficient way to transmit data through soil.

Keywords : Electromagnetic Waves, Wireless Underground Sensor Networks, Magnetic Induction.

References :

1. S. Kisseleff, I. F. Akyildiz, and W. Gerstacker, “Interference   polarization in magnetic induction based wireless underground sensor networks,” in Proc. IEEE 24th Int. Symp. PIMRC, Sep. 2013, pp. 71–75
2. S. Kisseleff, W. Gerstacker, Z. Sun, and I. F. Akyildiz, “On the throughput of wireless underground sensor networks using magneto inductive waveguides,” in Proc. IEEE GLOBECOM, Dec. 2013, pp. 322–328.
3. I. F. Akyildiz, Z. Sun, and M. C. Vuran, “Signal propagation techniques for wireless underground communication networks,” Phys. Commun.,vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 167–183, Sep. 2009.
4. I. F. Akyildiz, W. Su, Y. Sankarasubramaniam, and E. Cayirci, “Wireless sensor networks: A survey,” Comput. Netw., vol. 38, no. 4, pp. 393–422, Mar. 2002.
5. I. F. Akyildiz and E. P. Stuntebeck, “Wireless underground sensor networks: Research challenges,” Ad Hoc Netw., vol. 4, no. 6, pp. 669–686, Nov. 2006.
6. J. I. Agbinya and M. Masihpour, “Near field magnetic induction communication link budget: Agbinya–Masihpour model,” in Proc. 5th IB2Com, 2010, pp. 1–6.
7. Yuntao Liang, Yingjie Liu, Changjia Lu, Dawei Cui, Jinghu Yang, Rui Zhou, “Intelligent Monitoring And Protection Equipment Of Vital Signs Of Underground Labor Force In Coal Mines Review”, sensors 2024. DOI: 10.3390/s25010063
8. Pratap S. Malik, Mohamed Abouhawwash, Abdulwahab Almutairi, Rishi Pal Singh, Yudhvir Singh in peerj computer science 2022. DOI:10.7717/peerj-cs.789
9. Yufeng Jiang, Wei Chen, Xue Zhang, Xuejun Zhang, Guowei Yang,” Real-Time Monitoring of Underground Miners’ Status Based on Mine IoT System” sensors 2024.  https://doi.org/10.3390/s24030739
10. Daria Trubicina, Kirill Varnavskiy, Alexander Ermakov, Fedor Nepsha, Roman Kozlov, Naser Golsanami, Sergey Zhironkin ,”Application of Methods of Artificial Intelligence in Systems for Continuous Automatic Monitoring of Dust Concentration and Deposits in Mine Atmosphere” dblp computer science bibliography ,2024. DOI: 10.48550/ARXIV.2401.16823
11. Vivekananda Reddy Uppaluri “Real-Time AI-Driven Hazard Detection: Integrating Computer Vision and Sensor Networks for Enhanced Mining Safety” International Journal of Scientific Research in Computer Science Engineering and Information Technology 11(1):195-202, 2025. DOI:10.32628/CSEIT25111228
12. Kaiqiang Lin, Yijie Mao “Ris-Aided Wireless-Powered Backscatter Communications For Sustainable Internet Of Underground Things” IEEE Internet of Things Magazine”,Volume: 8, Issue: 2, March 2025. DOI: 10.1109/IOTM.001.2400196
13. Luca Scalambrin, Andrea Zanella, Xavier Vilajosana proposed a paper on “Lora Multi-Hop Networks For Monitoring Underground Mining Environments” Published in 2023 IEEE Globecom Workshops (GC Wkshps)2023.DOI:10.1109/GCWkshps58843.2023.10464954
14. M. Thirunavukkarasu, E. B. Priyanka, S. Thangavel, S. Vinothkannan, K.Vengadesh Prasath, N. Abdul Aathif, R. Dhanush Narayanan “Shellcom-Iot-Based Health Monitoring Module For Mining Industry “Proceedings of International Conference on Data Analytics and Insights, ICDAI 2023
15. Xiaoyu Ai, Chengpei Xu, Binghao Li, Feng Xia, “Robot-As-A-Sensor: Forming A Sensing Network With Robots For Underground Mining Missions”, Neuro-Inspired Learning for Robotics for IEEE Transactions on Cognitive and Developmental Systems https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2405.00266
16. Shahriar Hasan, Katrin Sjoberg, Peter Wallin, “Wireless Communication In Underground Mining Teleoperation: A Systematic Review” IEEE Access ,Volume: 13 ,21 April 2025. DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2025.3563138
17. Inderjeet Singh, Shree Gaayathri V, Vipin Kumar, T Arthy, Vishnu Sharma “real-time monitoring and surveillance in hazardous environments using iot-enabled robotics”, 1st International Conference on Advances in Computing, Communication and Networking2024.DOI:10.1109/ICAC2N63387.2024.10895902
18. Shiyan Li, Xiaojuan Zhang, Kang Xing, Kang Xing, “fast inversion of subsurface target electromagnetic induction response with deep learning”, IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters, 14 March 2022. DOI: 10.1109/LGRS.2022.3159269.
19. K.Thivyabrabha, Dhivya Priya E L, K.R. Priyadharshini, J.S. Sujin “iot based automated coal mine detection and immediate rescue robot”, International Conference on Automation, Computing and Renewable Systems (ICACRS),2022.DOI:10.1109/ICACRS55517.2022.10029244
20. G Sharmila, C Ramasamy Sankar “performance evaluation of deep learning based industrial safety enhancement in multiple safety equipment detection”, International Conference on Advances in Computing, Communication and Applied Informatics (ACCAI), 2024. DOI: 10.1109/ACCAI61061.2024.10602400
21. Huaijin Zhang, Guanghua Liu, You Xu, Tao , “LORAAID: underground joint communication and localization system based on lora technology”, IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications ,Volume: 23, Issue: 5, May 2024. DOI: 10.1109/TWC.2023.3325330
22. Kiran More, Kaivalya Mane, Mansi Mane, Rushabh Mane, Siddharth Mane, Manish Bhojane,“vital vest: smart wearable for monitoring construction worker health in harsh environments”, International Conference on Sustainable Communication Networks and Application (ICSCNA) ,2024. DOI: 10.1109/ICSCNA63714.2024.10864183