Authors : Maaz Bahauddin Naveed

Volume/Issue : Volume 11 - 2026, Issue 9 - September

Google Scholar : https://tinyurl.com/bdvsxcj8

DOI : https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/26sep237

Note : A published paper may take 4-5 working days from the publication date to appear in PlumX Metrics, Semantic Scholar, and ResearchGate.

Abstract : Aluminium metal matrix composites (AMMCs) continue to draw considerable interest from materials researchers because they combine the low density of aluminium with the enhanced stiffness, strength, and wear performance imparted by ceramic or carbon-based reinforcements. This article brings together recent findings on the fabrication, structure, and performance of AMMCs to give readers a consolidated picture of where the field currently stands. The fabrication routes examined include stir casting, powder metallurgy, and infiltration-based processes, together with the process variables that govern how well reinforcement particles disperse within the aluminium matrix. Attention is then given to how reinforcement type, particle size, and volume fraction shape key mechanical and physical outputs such as tensile strength, hardness, and thermal conductivity, as well as how these reinforcements influence grain structure and interfacial bonding.

Keywords : Aluminum Metal Matrix Composite; Reinforcement; Strength; Stir Casting; Powder Metallurgy.

References :

1. P. Bharathi, T.S. kumar, Mechanical characteristics and wear behaviour of Al/SiC and Al/SiC/B4C hybrid metal matrix composites fabricated through powder metallurgy route, Silicon (2023).
2. M.S. Islam, et al., 1 - Composite materials: Concept, recent advancements, and applications, in Renewable Polymers and Polymer-Metal Oxide Composites, S. Haider and A. Haider, Editors. 2022, Elsevier. p. 1-43.
3. T. Rajmohan, K. Palanikumar, S. Ranganathan, Evaluation of mechanical and wear properties of hybrid aluminium matrix composites, Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. Chin. 23 (9) (2013) 2509–2517.
4. M. Haghshenas, Metal–Matrix Composites. Reference Module in Materials Science and Materials Engineering, 2015.
5. M. Endo, T. Koyama, Y. Hishiyama, Structural improvement of carbon fibers prepared from benzene, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 15 (11) (1976) 2073–2076.
6. A. Esawi, K. Morsi, Dispersion of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in aluminum powder, Compos. A Appl. Sci. Manuf. 38 (2) (2007) 646–650.
7. A.M.K. Esawi, M.M. Farag, Carbon nanotube reinforced composites: potential and current challenges, Mater. Des. 28 (9) (2007) 2394–2401.
8. C.S. Goh, J. Wei, L.C. Lee, M. Gupta, Ductility improvement and fatigue studies in Mg-CNT nanocomposites, Compos. Sci. Technol. 68 (6) (2008) 1432–1439.
9. A.A. Yar, M. Montazerian, H. Abdizadeh, H.R. Baharvandi, Microstructure and mechanical properties of aluminum alloy matrix composite reinforced with nano-particle MgO, J. Alloy. Compd. 484 (1-2) (2009) 400–404.
10. I.A. Ibrahim, F.A. Mohamed, E.J. Lavernia, Particulate reinforced metal matrix composites — a review, J. Mater. Sci. 26 (5) (1991) 1137–1156.
11. Y. Kim, J. Lee, M.S. Yeom, J.W. Shin, H. Kim, Y.i. Cui, J.W. Kysar, J. Hone, Y. Jung, S. Jeon, S.M. Han, Strengthening effect of single-atomic-layer graphene in metal–graphene nanolayered composites, Nat. Commun. 4 (1) (2013) 2114.
12. R. Reddy, Processing of nanoscale materials, Rev. Adv. Mater. Sci 5 (2003) 121–133.
13. D. Nestler, S. Siebeck, H. Podlesak, S. Wagner, M. Hockauf, B. Wielage, 2011, in: M. Fathi, A. Holland, F. Ansari, C. Weber (Eds.), Integrated Systems, Design and Technology 2010, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2011, pp. 93–107.
14. Mahitha Mallishetty, Global metal matrix components (MMCs) market for 2017-2021, T.f.m.a.m. research., Editor. 2016: London UK.
15. T. Barrett, The future of metal is in matrix composites, Materials (Mach. Des.) (2017).
16. Y. Sahin, S. Murphy, The effect of fibre orientation of the dry sliding wear of borsic-reinforced 2014 aluminium alloy, J. Mater. Sci. 31 (20) (1996) 5399–5407.
17. B. Torres, M. Lieblich, J. Iba´ n˜ ez, A. Garcı´a-Escorial, Mechanical properties of some PM aluminide and silicide reinforced 2124 aluminium matrix composites, Scr. Mater. 47 (1) (2002) 45–49.
18. L.A. Dobrzan´ ski, A. Włodarczyk, M. Adamiak, The structure and properties of PM composite materials based on EN AW-2124 aluminum alloy reinforced with the BN or Al2O3 ceramic particles, J. Mater. Process. Technol. 175 (1) (2006) 186–191.
19. L. Poovazhagan, K. Kalaichelvan, T. Sornakumar, Processing and performance characteristics of aluminum-nano boron carbide metal matrix nanocomposites, Mater. Manuf. Process. 31 (10) (2016) 1275–1285.
20. B.D. Agarwal, L. Broutman, C.K., Analysis and performance of fiber composites. 4 ed. 2017: John Willey & Sons Ltd.
21. S. Mohal, H. Kumar, Study on the Multiwalled Carbon Nano tube Mixed EDM of Al-SiC p Metal Matrix Composite, Mater. Today:. Proc. 4 (2) (2017) 3987–3993.
22. P.K. Balguri, D.G.H. Samuel, U. Thumu, A review on mechanical properties of epoxy nanocomposites, Mater. Today:. Proc. 44 (2021) 346–355.
23. R. Thiagarajan, K. Palanikumar, S. Arumugam, Synthesis and characterization of sintered hybrid aluminium matrix composites reinforced with nanocopper oxide particles and microsilicon carbide particles, Compos. B Eng. 59 (2014) 43–49.
24. J. Schiøtz, F.D. Di Tolla, K.W. Jacobsen, Softening of nanocrystalline metals at very small grain sizes, Nature 391 (6667) (1998) 561–563.
25. M.T. Khorshid, S.A.J. Jahromi, M.M. Moshksar, Mechanical properties of tri-modal Al matrix composites reinforced by nano- and submicron-sized Al2O3 particulates developed by wet attrition milling and hot extrusion, Mater. Des. 31 (8) (2010) 3880–3884.
26. R.D. Haghighi, S.A.J. Jahromi, A. Moresedgh, M.T. Khorshid, A Comparison Between ECAP and Conventional Extrusion for Consolidation of Aluminum Metal Matrix Composite, J. Mater. Eng. Perform. 21 (9) (2012) 1885–1892.
27. T. Varol, A. Canakci, Synthesis and characterization of nanocrystalline Al 2024–B4C composite powders by mechanical alloying, Philos. Mag. Lett. 93 (6) (2013) 339–345.
28. Y.-C. Kang, S.-L.-I. Chan, Tensile properties of nanometric Al2O3 particulate-reinforced aluminum matrix composites, Mater. Chem. Phys. 85 (2) (2004) 438–443.
29. G. Wang, Z. Lu, C. Wang, Q. Ren, K. Zhang, Fabrication and mechanical properties of Al2O3–Si3N4/ZrO2–Al2O3 laminated composites, Powder Technol. 214 (2) (2011) 188–193.
30. K.M. Mussert et al, A nano-indentation study on the mechanical behaviour of the matrix material in an AA6061 - Al2O3 MMC, J. Mater. Sci. 37 (4) (2002) 789–794.
31. K.K. Deng, K. Wu, Y.W. Wu, K.B. Nie, M.Y. Zheng, Effect of submicron size SiC particulates on microstructure and mechanical properties of AZ91 magnesium matrix composites, J. Alloy. Compd. 504 (2) (2010) 542–547.
32. S.M. Seyed Reihani, Processing of squeeze cast Al6061–30vol % SiC composites and their characterization, Mater. Des. 27 (3) (2006) 216–222.
33. B. Su, H.G. Yan, G. Chen, J.L. Shi, J.H. Chen, P.L. Zeng, Study on the preparation of the SiCp/Al–20Si–3Cu functionally graded material using spray deposition, Materials Science and Engineering A-structural Materials Properties Microstructure and Processing - MATER SCI ENG A-STRUCT MATER 527 (24-25) (2010) 6660–6665.
34. Y. Yang, X. Li, Ultrasonic Cavitation Based Nanomanufacturing  of  Bulk  Aluminum  Matrix Nanocomposites, Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering-transactions of The Asme - J MANUF SCI ENG 129 (2007) 497–501.
35. P. Rohatgi, B. Schultz, Light weight metal matrix composites - Stretching the boundaries of metals, Material Matters 2 (2007) 16–19.
36. L. Singh, B. Singh, K.K. Saxena, Manufacturing techniques for metal matrix composites (MMC): an overview, Advances in Materials and Processing Technologies 6 (2) (2020) 224–240.
37. V. Kumar et al, Evaluation of EDM characteristics of synthesised AA2024-2 & 3 wt% SiO2 metal matrix nanocomposite (MMNC), Mater. Today:. Proc. 26 (2019) 1449–1454.
38. P.D. Srivyas, M.S. Charoo, Role of Fabrication Route on the Mechanical and Tribological Behavior of Aluminum Metal Matrix Composites – A Review, Mater. Today:. Proc. 5 (9, Part 3) (2018) 20054–20069.
39. 16 - Metal matrix, fibre–metal and ceramic matrix composites for aerospace applications, in Introduction to Aerospace Materials, A.P. Mouritz, Editor. 2012, Woodhead Publishing. p. 394-410.
40. A.A. Adebisi, M.A. Maleque, M.M. Rahman, Metal matrix composite brake rotor: Historical development and product life cycle analysis, International Journal of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering (IJAME) 4 (2011) 471–480.
41. M. Habibnejad-Korayem, R. Mahmudi, H.M. Ghasemi, W.J. Poole, Tribological behavior of pure Mg and AZ31 magnesium alloy strengthened by Al2O3 nano-particles, Wear 268 (3-4) (2010) 405–412.
42. P.S. Ling, M. Gupta, Recycling of aluminium based metal matrix composite using disintegrated melt deposition technique, Mater. Sci. Technol. 16 (5) (2000) 568–574.
43. H.Y. Wang, Q.C. Jiang, Y.Q. Zhao, F. Zhao, B.X. Ma, Y. Wang, Fabrication of TiB2 and TiB2–TiC Particulates Reinforced Magnesium Matrix Composites, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 372 (1-2) (2004) 109–114.
44. Y.B. Liu, S.C. Lim, L. Lu, M.O. Lai, Recent development in the fabrication of metal matrix-particulate composites using powder metallurgy techniques, J. Mater. Sci. 29 (8) (1994) 1999–2007.
45. S. Mula, P. Padhi, S.C. Panigrahi, S.K. Pabi, S. Ghosh, On structure and mechanical properties of ultrasonically cast Al–2% Al2O3 nanocomposite, Mater. Res. Bull. 44 (5) (2009) 1154–1160.
46. J.-M. Chiou, D.D.L. Chung, Characterization of metal-matrix composites fabricated by vacuum infiltration of a liquid metal under an inert gas pressure, J. Mater. Sci. 26 (10) (1991) 2583–2589.
47. Syu DGC and G. AK, The effect of temperature on the fracture mechanism in 2024 Al/15 vol% Al2O3 composite. Mater Sci Eng A, 1994;184:1480.
48. Manaba, K., Sumio, S.,, Proceedings of second international conference on semi-solid alloys and composites. Advances in Materials and Processing Technologies, 1992: p. p. 382.
49. A.A. Mazen, A.Y. Ahmed, Mechanical behavior of Al-Al2O3 MMC manufactured by PM techniques part I—scheme I processing parameters, J. Mater. Eng. Perform. 7 (3) (1998) 393–401.
50. J.M. Schoenung et al, B4C reinforced nanocrystalline aluminum composites: Synthesis, characterization, and cost analysis, Mater. Forum 29 (2005) 123–128.
51. W. Hanna et al, Nanocrystalline 6061 Al Powder Fabricated by Cryogenic Milling and Consolidated via High Frequency Induction Heat Sintering, Adv. Mater. Sci. Eng. 2014 (2014) 9.
52. J.L. Li, Y.C. Xiong, X.D. Wang, S.J. Yan, C. Yang, W.W. He, J.Z. Chen, S.Q. Wang, X.Y. Zhang, S.L. Dai, Microstructure and   tensile   properties   of   bulk nanostructured aluminum/graphene composites prepared via cryomilling, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 626 (2015) 400–405.
53. H. Yang, T.D. Topping, K. Wehage, L. Jiang, E.J. Lavernia, J. M. Schoenung, Tensile behavior and strengthening mechanisms in a submicron B4C-reinforced Al trimodal composite, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 616 (2014) 35–43.
54. Z.C. Cordero, B.E. Knight, C.A. Schuh, Six decades of the Hall-Petch effect – a survey of grain-size strengthening studies on pure metals, Int. Mater. Rev. 61 (8) (2016) 495–512.
55. J.B. Ferguson, F. Sheykh-Jaberi, C.-S. Kim, P.K. Rohatgi, K. Cho, On the strength and strain to failure in particle-reinforced magnesium metal-matrix nanocomposites (Mg MMNCs), Mater. Sci. Eng. A 558 (2012) 193–204.
56. C.-S. Kim, I.l. Sohn, M. Nezafati, J.B. Ferguson, B.F. Schultz, Z. Bajestani-Gohari, P.K. Rohatgi, K. Cho, Prediction models for the yield strength of particle-reinforced unimodal pure magnesium (Mg) metal matrix nanocomposites (MMNCs), J. Mater. Sci. 48 (12) (2013) 4191–4204.
57. Q. Liu, L. Ke, F. Liu, C. Huang, L.i. Xing, Microstructure and mechanical property of multi-walled carbon nanotubes reinforced aluminum matrix composites fabricated by friction stir processing, Mater. Des. 45 (2013) 343–348.
58. Casati, R. and M. Vedani, Metal matrix composites reinforced by nano-particles – a review. Vol. 4. 2013.
59. L. Jiang, K. Ma, H. Yang, M. Li, E.J. Lavernia, J.M. Schoenung, The Microstructural Design of Trimodal Aluminum Composites, JOM 66 (6) (2014) 898–908.
60. L. Xiong, J. Shuai, K. Liu, Z. Hou, L. Zhu, W. Li, Enhanced mechanical and electrical properties of super-aligned carbon nanotubes reinforced copper by severe plastic deformation, Compos. B Eng. 160 (2019) 315–320.
61. T.K. Gupta, P.R. Budarapu, S.R. Chappidi, S.S. Y.b., M. Paggi, S.P. Bordas, Advances in Carbon Based Nanomaterials for Bio-Medical Applications, Curr. Med. Chem. 26 (38) (2019) 6851–6877.
62. D. Pinto, L. Bernardo, A. Amaro, S. Lopes, Mechanical Properties of Epoxy Nanocomposites Using Alumina as Reinforcement - A Review, J. Nano Res. 30 (2015) 9–38.
63. J.A. Rodrı´ guez, M.f.-g.,, Introduction the World of Oxide Nanomaterials, in Synthesis, Properties, and Applications of Oxide Nanomaterials. (2006) 1–5.
64. H. Su, W. Gao, Z. Feng, Z. Lu, Processing, microstructure and tensile properties of nano-sized Al2O3 particle reinforced aluminum matrix composites, Mater. Des. 36 (2012) 590–596.
65. R. Singh et al, Powder bed fusion process in additive manufacturing: An overview, Mater. Today:. Proc. 26 (2019) 3058–3070.
66. M. Tabandeh-Khorshid, J.B. Ferguson, B.F. Schultz, C.-S. Kim, K. Cho, P.K. Rohatgi, Strengthening mechanisms of graphene- and Al2O3-reinforced aluminum nanocomposites synthesized by room temperature milling, Mater. Des. 92 (2016) 79–87.
67. S.A. Sajjadi, H.R. Ezatpour, H. Beygi, Microstructure and mechanical properties of Al–Al2O3 micro and nano composites fabricated by stir casting, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 528 (29) (2011) 8765–8771.
68. R. Casati, M. Vedani, Metal Matrix Composites Reinforced by Nano-Particles—A Review, Metals 4 (2014) 65–83.
69. S. Agrawal, B. Singh, A. Goswami, New advancements in electrical discharge machining of metal matrix composite: An overview, Mater. Today:. Proc. 44 (2021) 2313–2318.
70. N. Kumar, A. Bharti, K.K. Saxena, A re-analysis of effect of various process parameters on the mechanical properties of Mg based MMCs fabricated by powder metallurgy technique, Mater. Today:. Proc. 26 (2020) 1953–1959.
71. F. Mu¨ ller, J. Monaghan, Non-conventional machining of particle reinforced metal matrix composite, Int J Mach Tool Manu 40 (9) (2000) 1351–1366.
72. M Taya and R.J. Arsenault, Matrix Composites: Thermomechanical Behavior. 1989, Pergamon Press.
73. Koczak, M.J., et al. Chapter 16@ Metal-Matrix Composites for Ground Vehicle, Aerospace, and Industrial Applications. 1993.
74. S. Jahanmir, M. Ramulu, P. Koshy, Machining of Ceramics and Composites, Marcel Dekker Inc., New York, 1999.
75. N.P. Hung, L.J. Yang, K.W. Leong, Electrical discharge machining of cast metal matrix composites, J. Mater. Process. Technol. 44 (3) (1994) 229–236.
76. S.A. Khadem, S. Nategh, H. Yoozbashizadeh, Structural and morphological evaluation of Al–5 vol.%SiC nanocomposite powder produced by mechanical milling, Journal of Alloys and Compounds - J ALLOYS COMPOUNDS 509 (5) (2011) 2221–2226.
77. A. Mazahery, M.O. Shabani, Nano-sized silicon carbide reinforced commercial casting aluminum alloy matrix: Experimental and novel modeling evaluation, Powder Technol. 217 (2012) 558–565.
78. S.C. Lim, M. Gupta, L. Ren, J.K.M. Kwok, The tribological properties of Al–Cu/SiCp metal–matrix composites fabricated using the rheocasting technique, J. Mater. Process. Technol. 89-90 (1999) 591–596.
79. S. Chung, B.H. Hwang, A microstructural study of the wear behaviour of SiCp/Al composites, Tribol. Int. 27 (5) (1994) 307–314.
80. P.N. Bindumadhavan, T.K. Chia, M. Chandrasekaran, H.K. Wah, L.N. Lam, O. Prabhakar, Effect of particle-porosity clusters on tribological behavior of cast aluminum alloy A356-SiCp metal matrix composites, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 315 (1-2) (2001) 217–226.
81. F. Karimzadeh, A. Ebnonnasir, A. Foroughi, Artificial neural network modeling for evaluating of epitaxial growth of Ti6Al4V weldment, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 432 (1) (2006) 184–190.
82. N.S. Reddy, A.K.P. Rao, M. Chakraborty, B.S. Murty, Prediction of grain size of Al–7Si Alloy by neural networks, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 391 (1-2) (2005) 131–140.
83. R. Hamzaoui et al, Artificial neural network methodology: Application to predict magnetic properties of nanocrystalline alloys, Mater. Sci. Eng. B 163 (1) (2009) 17–21.
84. L. Fratini, G. Buffa, D. Palmeri, Using a neural network for predicting the average grain size in friction stir welding processes, Comput. Struct. 87 (17) (2009) 1166–1174.
85. M.O. Shabani, A. Mazahery, Prediction of wear properties in A356 matrix composite reinforced with B4C particulates, Synth. Met. 161 (13) (2011) 1226–1231.
86. A.J. Cook, P.S. Werner, Pressure infiltration casting of metal matrix composites, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 144 (1) (1991) 189–206.
87. D.P. Mondal et al, Effect of SiC concentration and strain rate on the compressive deformation behaviour of 2014A1-SiCp composite, Materials Science and Engineering A-structural Materials Properties Microstructure and Processing - MATER SCI ENG A-STRUCT MATER 433 (2006) 18–31.
88. S. Divagar, M. Vigneshwar, S.T. Selvamani, Impacts of Nano Particles on Fatigue Strength of Aluminum Based Metal Matrix Composites for Aerospace, Mater. Today:. Proc. 3 (10) (2016) 3734–3739.
89. B.S. U¨ nlu¨ , Investigation of tribological and mechanical properties Al2O3–SiC reinforced Al composites manufactured by casting or P/M method, Mater. Des. 29 (10) (2008) 2002–2008.
90. S.K. Sharma et al, The effect of reinforcements on the mechanical properties of AZ31 composites prepared by powder metallurgy: An overview, Mater. Today:. Proc. 56 (2022) 2293–2299.
91. R. Harichandran, N. Selvakumar, Effect of nano/micro B4C particles on the mechanical properties of aluminium metal matrix composites fabricated by ultrasonic cavitation-assisted solidification process, Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering 16 (1) (2016) 147–158.
92. M. Khakbiz, F. Akhlaghi, Synthesis and structural characterization of Al–B4C nano-composite powders by mechanical alloying, J. Alloy. Compd. 479 (1) (2009) 334–341.
93. A. Abdollahi, A. Alizadeh, H.R. Baharvandi, Dry sliding tribological behavior and mechanical properties of Al2024–5wt.%B4C nanocomposite produced by mechanical milling and hot extrusion, Mater. Des. 55 (2014) 471–481.
94. K.M. Shorowordi, A.S.M.A. Haseeb, J.P. Celis, Tribo-surface characteristics of Al–B4C and Al–SiC composites worn under different contact pressures, Wear 261 (5) (2006) 634–641.
95. J. Tian, Z.-Q. Shi, Creep mechanism and creep constitutive model of aluminum silicate short-fiber-reinforced magnesium matrix composite, Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. Chin. 24 (3) (2014) 632–640.
96. C.Y.H. Lim, D.K. Leo, J.J.S. Ang, M. Gupta, Wear of magnesium composites reinforced with nano-sized alumina particulates, Wear 259 (1-6) (2005) 620–625.
97. T. Rajmohan, K. Palanikumar, S. Arumugam, Synthesis and characterization of sintered hybrid aluminium matrix composites reinforced with nanocopper oxide particles and microsilicon carbide particles, Compos. B Eng. 59 (2014) 43–49.
98. A.M.K. Esawi, K. Morsi, A. Sayed, M. Taher, S. Lanka, Effect of carbon nanotube (CNT) content on the mechanical properties of CNT-reinforced aluminium composites, Compos. Sci. Technol. 70 (16) (2010) 2237–2241.
99. N. Shivakumar, V. Vasu, N. Narasaiah, Processing and dry sliding wear behavior of Al 2 O 3 nanoparticles reinforced ZA-27 composites, Mater. Today:. Proc. 4 (2) (2017) 4006–4012.
100. O. El-Kady, A. Fathy, Effect of SiC particle size on the physical and mechanical properties of extruded Al matrix nanocomposites, Mater. Des. (1980–2015) 54 (2014) 348–353.
101. M.M.H. Bastwros, A.M.K. Esawi, A. Wifi, Friction and wear behavior of Al–CNT composites, Wear 307 (1) (2013) 164–173.
102. Hutchings, I. and P. Shipway, 6 - Wear by hard particles, in Tribology (Second Edition), I. Hutchings and P. Shipway, Editors. 2017, Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 165-236.
103. S. Iijima, Helical microtubules of graphitic carbon, Nature 354 (6348) (1991) 56–58.
104. C. Deng, X. Zhang, Y. Ma, D. Wang, Fabrication of aluminum matrix composite reinforced with carbon nanotubes, Rare Met. 26 (5) (2007) 450–455.
105. T. Kuzumaki, K. Miyazawa, H. Ichinose, K. Ito, Processing of Carbon Nanotube Reinforced Aluminum Composite, J. Mater. Res. 13 (9) (1998) 2445–2449.
106. R. George, K.T. Kashyap, R. Rahul, S. Yamdagni, Strengthening in carbon nanotube/aluminium (CNT/Al) composites, Scr. Mater. 53 (10) (2005) 1159–1163.
107. H. Kwon, M. Estili, K. Takagi, T. Miyazaki, A. Kawasaki, Combination of hot extrusion and spark plasma sintering for producing carbon nanotube reinforced aluminum matrix composites, Carbon 47 (3) (2009) 570–577.
108. S. Vijaya Bhaskar et al, Synthesis and Characterization of Multi Wall Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNT) Reinforced Sintered Magnesium Matrix Composites, Journal of The Institution of Engineers (India): Series D 97 (1) (2016) 59–67.
109. N.K. Bhoi, H. Singh, S. Pratap, Developments in the aluminum metal matrix composites reinforced by micro/nano particles – A review, J. Compos. Mater. 54 (6) (2019) 813–833.
110. P.R. Budarapu, S.S. Yb, B. Javvaji, D.R. Mahapatra, Vibration analysis of multi-walled carbon nanotubes embedded in elastic medium, Front. Struct. Civ. Eng. 8 (2) (2014) 151–159.
111. P. Zhang, Z. Liu, X. Yue, P. Wang, Y. Zhai, Water jet impact damage  mechanism  and  dynamic  penetration  energy absorption of 2A12 aluminum alloy, Vacuum 206 (2022), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vacuum.2022.111532 111532.
112. L. Zhang, D. Xiong, Z. Su, J. Li, L. Yin, Z. Yao, G. Wang, L. Zhang, H. Zhang, Molecular dynamics simulation and experimental study of tin growth in SAC lead-free microsolder joints under thermo-mechanical-electrical coupling, Mater. Today Commun. 33 (2022) 104301.
113. Z.Y. Zhu, Y.L. Liu, G.Q. Gou, W. Gao, J. Chen, Effect of heat input on interfacial characterization of the butter joint of hot-rolling CP-Ti/Q235 bimetallic sheets by Laser + CMT, Sci. Rep. 11 (1) (2021) 10020, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-89343-9.
114. P. Zhang, Y. Gao, Z. Liu, S. Zhang, S. Wang, Z. Lin, Effect of cutting parameters on the corrosion resistance of 7A04 aluminum alloy in high speed cutting, Vacuum 212 (2023) 111968.
115. K. Guo, G. Gou, H. Lv, M. Shan, Jointing of CFRP/5083 Aluminum Alloy by Induction Brazing: Processing, Connecting Mechanism, and Fatigue Performance, Coatings 12 (10) (2022) 1559, https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings12101559.
116. L.i. Liang, M. Xu, Y. Chen, T. Zhang, W. Tong, H. Liu, H. Wang, H. Li, Effect of welding thermal treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of nickel-based superalloy fabricated by selective laser melting, Materials science & engineering. A, Structural materials : properties, microstructure and processing 819 (2021) 141507.
117. B. Bai, Q. Nie, Y. Zhang, X. Wang, W. Hu, Cotransport of heavy metals and SiO2 particles at different temperatures by seepage, J. Hydrol. 597 (2021), https://doi.org/10.1016/j. jhydrol.2020.125771 125771.
118. C. Zhang, H. Khorshidi, E. Najafi, M. Ghasemi, Fresh, mechanical and microstructural properties of alkali-activated composites incorporating nanomaterials: A comprehensive review, J. Clean. Prod. 384 (2023), https://doi.org/10.1016/j. jclepro.2022.135390 135390.
119. B. Zhang, Z. Wang, H. Yu, Y. Ning, Microstructural origin and control mechanism of the mixed grain structure in Ni-based superalloys, Journalof Alloys and Compounds 900 (2022), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2021.163515 163515.
120. Y. Li, X. Xia, W. Hou, H. Lv, J. Liu, X. Li, How effective are metal nanotherapeutic platforms against bacterial infections? A comprehensive review of literature, Int. J. Nanomed., 18 (2023) 1109-1128. doi: 10.2147/IJN.S397298.