Authors : Anirban Majumder; Angsuman Das Chaudhuri; Anupama Pattanayak; Sounik Manna; Dr. Sujata Maiti Choudhury

Volume/Issue : Volume 9 - 2024, Issue 10 - October

Google Scholar : https://tinyurl.com/bdfpp97u

Scribd : https://tinyurl.com/2wswmxhr

DOI : https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/IJISRT24OCT1577

Note : A published paper may take 4-5 working days from the publication date to appear in PlumX Metrics, Semantic Scholar, and ResearchGate.

Abstract : Breast cancer is a global health burden and therefore necessitates a continued exploration for new therapeutic mediators. In current scenario, nanotechnology has developed an interest in the application of nanoparticles in treating cancer. The need for new therapeutic agents against one of the global health burdens, breast cancer, is continuous. Nanoparticle application using nanotechnology for cancers has received increased interest in recent years. This review critically analyzes the bioactive compounds of Anacardium occidentale, commonly known as cashew, and their synthesized nanoparticles in relation to activities on cell lines responsible for breast cancer. These facts describe the phytochemical make-up of Anacardium occidentale's, approaches for nanoparticles synthesis, and their modes of action with respect to tumor cells; and implications for the elaboration of future approaches to the treatment of cancer.

Keywords : Phytochemicals. Anacardium Occidentale, Nanoparticles, Breast Cancer Cell Line.

References :

1. Sanyal S, Maiti Choudhury S. Evaluation of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticancer properties of Calotropis gigantea latex with special reference to apoptosis (Doctoral dissertation, 2016, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore, West Bengal, India).
2. Orwa C, A Mutua, Kindt R, Jamnadass R, Anthony, S .Agroforesttree Database : a tree reference and selection guide (version 4.0). 2009. https://apps.worldagroforestry.org/treedb2/speciesprofile.php?Spid=205
3. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. Taxonomy and Nomenclature of Anacardium. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 2001; 137(4): 521-532.
4. Salehi B, Gültekin-Özgüven M, Kirkin C, Özçelik B, Morais-Braga MF, Carneiro JN, Bezerra CF, Silva TG, Coutinho HD, Amina B, Armstrong L. Antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anticancer effects of anacardium plants: an ethnopharmacological perspective. Frontiers in Endocrinology. 2020;11:295.
5. Olaniyan MF. Cholesterol lowering effect of cashew leaf (Anacardium occidentale) extract on egg yolk induced hypercholesterolaemia rabbits. Scholars Academic Journal of Biosciences. 2016;4(10B):886-91.
6. Dantas A, Costa DP. A Mini-Review on Almonds and Cashew Nuts: Processing Impact, Phytochemical and Microbiological Properties, and Implications on Human Health. American Journal of Food Science and Technology. 2022;10(5):233-8.
7. Okonkwo COJ, VN O, Edeh AI. Effects of aqueous leaf extract of cashew anacardium occidentale on paracetamol induced hepatotoxicity of adult male wistar rats. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development [Internet]. 2018 Apr 30;Volume-2(Issue-3):8–26. Available from: https://doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd10756
8. Jinah NA, Yusof HA, Jusoh HM. Antimicrobial properties of Anacardium occidentale (Cashew) leaf extract against staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. International Journal of Allied Health Sciences. 2020 Dec 23;4(3):1496-506.
9. Salehi B, Gültekin-Özgüven M, Kırkın C, Özçelik B, Flaviana Bezerra Morais-Braga M, Nalyda Pereira Carneiro J, Fonseca Bezerra C, Gonçalves da Silva T, Douglas Melo Coutinho H, Amina B, Armstrong L. Anacardium plants: chemical, nutritional composition and biotechnological applications. Biomolecules. 2019;9(9):465.
10. Sanyaolu N, Olufemi A, Ibikunle A, Ogundare S, Oloyede A. Chemical Compositions, Phytochemical Screenings and Antifungal Activities of Cashew Nut Shell Liquid Extracts on Phytopathogenic Fungi of Yam (Dioscorea rotundata). International Journal of Chemistry and Technology.2024;8(1):10-8.
11. Udoh IP, Aladenika ST, Eleazar CI, Onyebueke EA, Azubuike NC, Chinonyelum N. Antifungal properties of methanolic leaf extract of Anacardium occidentale L (cashew) against fusarial isolates from human and plant origin. Pharmacologyonline. 2019;30(1):117-35.
12. Da Silveira Vasconcelos M, Gomes-Rochette NF, de Oliveira ML, Nunes-Pinheiro DC, Tome AR, Maia de Sousa FY, Pinheiro FG, Moura CF, Miranda MR, Mota EF, de Melo DF. Anti-inflammatory and wound healing potential of cashew apple juice (Anacardium occidentale L.) in mice. Experimental Biology and Medicine. 2015 Dec;240(12):1648-55.
13. Nehete M, De S, Degani M, Tatke P. A topical formulation of Anacardium occidentale L. leaves extract enhances wound healing via mediating TNF-α and TGF-β. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology (IJEB). 2023 Jun 1;61(06):424-35.
14. Omolaso BO, Oluwole FS, Odukanmi OA, Adesanwo JK, Ishola AA, Adewole KE. Evaluation of the gastrointestinal anti-motility effect of Anacardium occidentale stem bark extract: A mechanistic study of antidiarrheal activity. Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis. 2021 Dec 1;11(6):776-82.
15. Iqbal Z, Akram M, Saeed MM, Ahsan M, Daniyal M, Sharif A, Khalil MT, Anwar H, Said F, Riaz M. Medicinal uses of cashew (Anacardium occidentale): Review. Journal of Science Technology and Research. 2021;2(1):1-9.
16. Ushanandini S, Nagaraju S, Nayaka SC, Kumar KH, Kemparaju K, Girish KS. The anti-ophidian properties of Anacardium occidentale bark extract. Immunopharmacology and immunotoxicology. 2009 Dec 1;31(4):607-15.
17. Opiyo SA, Njoroge PW. Plant Extracts and Terpenes with Antivenom Properties. Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC).2024;17 (3):PP 31-41.
18. Ademola IO. The potential of Nigerian bioactive plants for controlling gastrointestinal nematode infection in livestock. Animal health research reviews. 2016;17(2):85-91.
19. Kuete V, Viertel K, Efferth T. Antiproliferative potential of African medicinal plants. InMedicinal plant research in Africa. 2013; pp. 711-724.
20. Mathew AS, Chauhan MG, Shah BK. On the antifeedant and anthellmintic potential of anacardium occidentale L. Ancient Science of Life. 1998;18(2):134-44.
21. Ojetunde AO. Antidiabetic effects of medicinal plants. Eastern Ukrainian Medical Journal. 2021;9(1):1-17.
22. Ajao FO, Akanmu O, Iyedupe MO. comparative effects of cashew nut, leaf and stem bark (Anacardium Occidentale L.) on hyperglycemia and associated abnormalities in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Journal of drug delivery and therapeutics. 2022;12(4):47-55.
23. Wikipedia contributors. Breast cancer [Internet]. Wikipedia. 2002. Available from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breast_cancer
24. Down to Earth (DTE). Cancer cases on the rise in India [Internet]. 2024 Feb 9 (cited 2024 Oct 29). https://www.downtoearth.org.in/governance/as-told-to-parliament-february-9-2024-cancer-cases-on-the-rise-in-india-94402
25. Sathishkumar K, Sankarapillai J, Mathew A, Nair RA, Gangane N, Khuraijam S, Barmon D, Pandya S, Majumdar G, Deshmane V, Zomawia E. Breast cancer survival in India across 11 geographic areas under the National Cancer Registry Programme. Cancer. 2024;130(10):1816-25.
26. Caswell-Jin JL, Sun LP, Munoz D, Lu Y, Li Y, Huang H, Hampton JM, Song J, Jayasekera J, Schechter C, Alagoz O. Analysis of breast cancer mortality in the US-1975 to 2019. JAMA. 2024;331(3):233-41.
27. World Health Organization (WHO). Breast cancer (Internet). Geneva: World Health Organization; 2021 (cited 2024 Oct 29).  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/breast-cancer
28. MedlinePlus (Internet). Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US); (updated 2023 Oct; cited 2023 Oct 15). Available from: https://medlineplus.gov/breastcancer.html
29. Quejada LF, Hernandez AX, Chitiva LC, Bravo-Chaucanés CP, Vargas-Casanova Y, Faria RX, Costa GM, Parra-Giraldo CM. Unmasking the Antifungal Activity of Anacardium occidentale Leaf Extract against Candida albicans. Journal of Fungi. 2024;10(7):464.
30. Castro J, Daniels MH, Pai S, Laidlaw M, Wu J, Brennan D, Johnston BT, Raman A, Lu C, Blakemore SJ, Silver SJ. Abstract PR003: DHX9 inhibition as a novel therapeutic for ovarian and breast cancer with loss-of-function mutations in the DNA damage repair genes BRCA1 or BRCA2. Cancer Research. 2024;84(1_Supplement):PR003-.
31. Vilar MS, De Souza GL, Vilar DD, Leite JA, Raffin FN, Barbosa-Filho JM, Nogueira FH, Rodrigues-Mascarenhas S, Moura TF. Assessment of phenolic compounds and anti-inflammatory activity of ethyl acetate phase of Anacardium occidentale L. bark. Molecules. 2016;21(8):1087.
32. Mota MLR, Thomas G and Barbosa Filho JM. Anti-Inflammatory Actions of Tannins Isolated from the Bark of Anacardium occidentale L. Journal of Ethnopharmacology.1985; 13:289-300.
33. Vanderlinde FA, Landim HF, Costa EA, Galdino, PM Marciel, MAM Anjos, GC Malvar, DC Cortes, WS Rocha FF. Evaluation of the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of the acetone extract from Anacardium occidentale L. Braz. J. Pharm. Sci. 2009, 45, 437–442.
34. Hemshekhar M, Sebastin Santhosh M, Kemparaju K, Girish KS. Emerging roles of anacardic acid and its derivatives: a pharmacological overview. Basic & clinical pharmacology & toxicology. 2012 ;110(2):122-32.
35. Lal UR, Joshi D, Banerjee S. Anticancer Agents: Plants Used in Ayurveda. Cancer Therapy. 2019; 3:181.
36. Andayanie WR, Nuriana W, Ermawaty N. Bioactive compounds and their antifeedant activity in the cashew nut (Anacardium occidentale L.) shell extract against Bemisia tabaci, (Gennadius, 1889) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae). Acta Agric Slov.2019;113: 281–288
37. Kubo I, Ochi M, Vieira PC, Komatsu S. Antitumor agents from the cashew (Anacardium occidentale) apple juice. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 1993 Jun;41(6):1012-5.
38. Sung B, Pandey MK, Ahn KS, Yi T, Chaturvedi MM, Liu M, Aggarwal BB. Anacardic acid (6-nonadecyl salicylic acid), an inhibitor of histone acetyltransferase, suppresses expression of nuclear factor-κB–regulated gene products involved in cell survival, proliferation, invasion, and inflammation through inhibition of the inhibitory subunit of nuclear factor-κBα kinase, leading to potentiation of apoptosis. Blood, The Journal of the American Society of Hematology. 2008;111(10):4880-91.
39. Sun YL, Jiang XF, Chen S J, Price BD. Inhibition of histone acetyltransferase activity by anacardic acid sensitizes tumors cells to ionizing radiation. FEBS Letters.2006;580, 4353–4356.
40. Balasubramanyam K., Swaminathan, V., Ranganathan, A., & Kundu, T. K. Small molecule modulators of histone acetyltransferase p300. Journal of Biological Chemistry.2003;278, 19134–19140.
41. Souto JA, Conte M, Álvarez R, Nebbioso A, Carafa V, Altucci L, de Lera AR. Synthesis of benzamides related to anacardic acid and their histone acetyltransferase (HAT) inhibitory activities. ChemMedChem: Chemistry Enabling Drug Discovery. 2008;3(9):1435-42.
42. Schultz DJ, Wickramasinghe NS, Ivanova MM, Isaacs SM, Dougherty SM, Imbert-Fernandez Y, Cunningham AR, Chen C, Klinge CM. Anacardic acid inhibits estrogen receptor α–DNA binding and reduces target gene transcription and breast cancer cell proliferation. Molecular cancer therapeutics. 2010;9(3):594-605.
43. Shilpa P, Kaveri K, Salimath BP. Anti-metastatic action of anacardic acid targets VEGF-induced signalling pathways in epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Drug Discoveries & Therapeutics. 2015;9(1):53-65.
44. Radde BN, Alizadeh‐Rad N, Price SM, Schultz DJ, Klinge CM. Anacardic acid, salicylic acid, and oleic acid differentially alter cellular bioenergetic function in breast cancer cells. Journal of Cellular Biochemistry. 2016;117(11):2521-32.
45. Zhao Q, Zhang X, Cai H, Zhang P, Kong D, Ge X, Du M, Liang R, Dong W. Anticancer effects of plant derived Anacardic acid on human breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells. American journal of translational research. 2018;10(8):2424.
46. Piell KM, Poulton CC, Stanley CG, Schultz DJ, Klinge CM. Integrated Metabolomics and Transcriptomics Analysis of Anacardic Acid Inhibition of Breast Cancer Cell Viability. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024;25(13):7044.
47. Hikal DM, Awad NS, Abdein MA. The anticancer activity of cashew (Anacardium occidentale) and almond (Prunus dulcis) kernels. Adv. Environ. Biol. 2017;11(12):31-41.
48. Anand R, Nair BP. Anacardic acid and cardanol: Prospective applications for cancer therapy, drug delivery, and imaging. Cashew Nut Shell Liquid: A Goldfield for Functional Materials. 2017;145-61.
49. Wu GS, Burns TF, McDonald ER, III, Jiang W, Meng R, Krantz ID, Kao G, Gan DD, Zhou JY and Muschel R. KILLER/DR5 is a DNA damage-inducible p53-regulated death receptor gene. Nat Genet. 1997; 17:141–143. doi: 10.1038/ng1097-141.
50. Cho JH, Lee JG, Yang YI, Kim JH, Ahn JH, Baek NI, Lee KT, Choi JH. Eupatilin, a dietary flavonoid, induces G2/M cell cycle arrest in human endometrial cancer cells. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 2011;49(8):1737-44.
51. Reguengo LM, do Nascimento RD, da Fonseca Machado AP, Junior MR. Signalling pathways and the potential anticarcinogenic effect of native Brazilian fruits on breast cancer. Food Research International. 2022; 155:111117.
52. Encarnação S, Lima K, Malú Q, Caldeira GI, Duarte MP, Rocha J, Lima BS, Silva O. An Integrated Approach to the Anti-Inflammatory, Antioxidant, and Genotoxic Potential of Portuguese Traditional Preparations from the Bark of Anacardium occidentale L. Plants. 2024;13(3):420.
53. Siracusa R, Fusco R, Peritore AF, Cordaro M, D’Amico R, Genovese T, Gugliandolo E, Crupi R, Smeriglio A, Mandalari G, Cuzzocrea S. The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of Anacardium occidentale L. cashew nuts in a mouse model of colitis. Nutrients. 2020;12(3):834.
54. Verma A, Gautam SP, Bansal KK, Prabhakar N, Rosenholm JM. Green nanotechnology: advancement in Phyto-formulation research. Medicines. 2019;6(1):39.
55. Chandrakala V, Aruna V, Angajala G. Review on metal nanoparticles as nanocarriers: Current challenges and perspectives in drug delivery systems. Emergent Materials. 2022;5(6):1593-615.
56. Garg R, Rani P, Garg R, Eddy NO. Study on potential applications and toxicity analysis of green synthesized nanoparticles. Turkish Journal of Chemistry. 2021;45(6):1690-706.
57. Ahmed S, Ahmad M, Swami BL, Ikram S. A review on plants extract mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles for antimicrobial applications: a green expertise. Journal of advanced research. 2016;7(1):17-28.
58. Kuznetsov AV, Margreiter R, Amberger A, Saks V, Grimm M. Changes in mitochondrial redox state, membrane potential and calcium precede mitochondrial dysfunction in doxorubicin-induced cell death. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Molecular Cell Research. 2011;1813(6):1144-52.
59. Thirumurugan A, Blessy V, Karthikeyan M. Comparative study on doxorubicin loaded metallic nanoparticles in drug delivery against MCF-7 cell line. In Applications of nanomaterials. 2018; pp. 303-313.
60. Huo S, Ma H, Huang K, Liu J, Wei T, Jin S, Zhang J, He S, Liang XJ. Superior penetration and retention behavior of 50 nm gold nanoparticles in tumors. Cancer research. 2013;73(1):319-30.
61. Loureiro KC, Jäger A, Pavlova E, Lima-Verde IB, Štěpánek P, Sangenito LS, Santos AL, Chaud MV, Barud HS, Soares MF, Albuquerque-Júnior RL. Cashew gum (Anacardium occidentale) as a potential source for the production of tocopherol-loaded nanoparticles: Formulation, release profile and cytotoxicity. Applied Sciences. 2021;11(18):8467.
62. Banerjee S, Rao AR. Promoting action of cashew nut shell oil in DMBA-initiated mouse skin tumors model system. Cancer letters. 1992;62(2):149-52.
63. Al-Hazzani A, Periyasamy V, Subash-Babu P, Alshatwi AA. Formulation of cashew nut shell liquid (CSNL) nanoemulsion, a potent inhibitor of human MCF-7 breast cancer cell proliferation. Medicinal Chemistry Research. 2012; 21:1384-8.
64. Sunderam V, Thiyagarajan D, Lawrence AV, Mohammed SS, Selvaraj A. In-vitro antimicrobial and anticancer properties of green synthesized gold nanoparticles using Anacardium occidentale leaves extract. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences. 2019;26(3):455-9.
65. Amorim A, Mafud AC, Nogueira S, Jesus JR, Araújo AR, Plácido A, Brito Neta M, Alves MM, Carvalho FA, Rufino Arcanjo DD, Braun S. Copper nanoparticles stabilized with cashew gum: Antimicrobial activity and cytotoxicity against 4T1 mouse mammary tumor cell line. Journal of biomaterials applications. 2019;34(2):188-97.
66. M Ashraf S, Rathinasamy K. Antibacterial and anticancer activity of the purified cashew nut shell liquid: implications in cancer chemotherapy and wound healing. Natural product research. 2018;32(23):2856-60.
67. De Lima SG, Feitosa CM, Citó AM, Moita Neto JM, Lopes JA, Leite AS, Brito MC, Dantas SM, Cavalcante AA. Effects of immature cashew nut-shell liquid (Anacardium occidentale) against oxidative damage in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity. Genet Mol Res. 2008;7(3):806-18.
68. Chan PK, Shafie NH, Meli MA, Loh SP. Phytochemicals Screening and Anti-proliferative Activities of Anacardium occidentale Shoot Extract in Breast Cancer Cells. Malaysian Journal of Medicine & Health Sciences. 2023;19(5).
69. Zango UU, Abubakar A, Saxena R, Arya V. Phyto-nanotechnology: enhancing plant based mediated anticancer chemical therapies. Ther. Drug Targets Phytomedicine Triple Negat. Breast Cancer. 2023; 13:161.
70. Singh N, Das MK, Ansari A, Mohanta D, Rajamani P. Biogenic nanosized gold particles: Physico-chemical characterization and its anticancer response against breast cancer. Biotechnology Reports. 2021 Jun 1;30: e00612.
71. Ombredane, A.S., Martins, N.O., de Souza, G.M.V., Araujo, V.H.S., Szlachetka, Í.O., da Silva, S.W., da Rocha, M.C.O., Oliveira, A.S.D., Holanda, C.A., Romeiro, L.A.S. and Damas, E.B.D.O., 2024. Combinatory Effect of Pequi Oil (Caryocar brasiliense)-Based Nanoemulsions Associated to Docetaxel and Anacardic Acid (Anacardium occidentale) in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells In Vitro. Pharmaceutics, 16(9), p.1170.
72. Singh V, Reddy R, Sinha A, Marturi V, Panditharadyula SS, Bala A. A review on phytopharmaceuticals having concomitant experimental anti-diabetic and anti-cancer effects as potential sources for targeted therapies against insulin-mediated breast cancer cell invasion and migration. Current Cancer Therapy Reviews. 2021 Feb 1;17(1):49-74.

73. Yamamoto Y, Gaynor RB. Role of the NF-kB pathway in the pathogenesis of human disease states. Current molecular medicine. 2001 Jul 1;1(3):287-96