Authors : Pratha Patil; Umra Rehman; Nisha Prabhakar; Sarvar Jahan

Volume/Issue : Volume 11 - 2026, Issue 4 - April

Google Scholar : https://tinyurl.com/cb4k9fe4

Scribd : https://tinyurl.com/yrd9j3e8

DOI : https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/26apr2125

Note : A published paper may take 4-5 working days from the publication date to appear in PlumX Metrics, Semantic Scholar, and ResearchGate.

Abstract : Many people have died from infectious diseases, which has made the public more aware of how dangerous these illnesses can be, and this has led to more global efforts to research antimicrobial treatments. However, the demand and use of antibiotics have led to an increase in antibiotic levels within natural ecosystems. Natural selection and adaptation caused changes in bacterial genes that make them resistant to antibiotics. The spread of antibiotic resistance genes in ecosystems caused the rise of bacteria that are resistant to antibiotics, which has led to many different antibiotic-resistant diseases around the world. This paper gives a general look at how antibiotics were discovered, the methods used to find new antibiotics, and the steps involved in making antibiotics on a large scale in industry. Also, there has been a review of how antibiotic-resistant bacteria are becoming more common and the effects of antibiotics on the environment, along with some recommendations provided. The topic of antibiotic resistance has also been looked at from an ecological point of view. New drug development appears to be the main requirement now to control microbes that are no longer responding to existing drugs.

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