Artificial Intelligence in Endodontics: Present Uses and Prospective Paths


Authors : Dr. Archa B; Dr. Swathi Amin

Volume/Issue : Volume 10 - 2025, Issue 5 - May


Google Scholar : https://tinyurl.com/mwfyjpzj

DOI : https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/25may133

Note : A published paper may take 4-5 working days from the publication date to appear in PlumX Metrics, Semantic Scholar, and ResearchGate.


Abstract : Artificial intelligence (AI) is a technology that mimics intelligent human behavior by using machines. In recent years, its popularity has grown all over the world. This is primarily due to its capacity to accelerate treatment planning processes, enhance patient outcomes, and improve the accuracy of the diagnosis. To enhance personalized learning, predictive analytics, and patient care plans, endodontic AI-based techniques have been essential in utilizing many models using Deep Learning (DL) and Machine Learning (ML). The purpose of the review was to discuss the current endodontic uses of AI as well as possible future paths. In endodontics, AI models such as (e.g., convolutional neural networks and/or artificial neural networks) are used to study the anatomy of the root canal system, detect periapical lesions and root fractures, determine working length measurements, predict the viability of dental pulp stem cells, and determine the success of retreatment procedures. The future of this technology was discussed in terms of prognostic value diagnostics, drug interactions, scheduling, patient treatment, and robotically assisted endodontic surgery. AI has the potential to be transparent, reproducible, unbiased, and easy to use with careful design and long-term clinical validation. More research is required to verify the cost-effectiveness, applicability, and reliability of AI models before they are routinely used in clinical practice.

Keywords : Artificial Intelligence; Artificial Neural Networks; Convolutional Neural Networks; Endodontics

References :

  1. Rajaraman V. JohnMcCarthy – Father of artificial intelligence. Resonance 2014;19:198‑207
  2. Gordon Lai, Craig Dunlap, Alan Gluskin, Walid B. Nehme & Adham A. Azim (2023) Artificial Intelligence in Endodontics, Journal of the California Dental Association, 51:1, 2199933
  3. Asgary S. Artificial Intelligence in Endodontics: A Scoping Review. Iran Endod J. 2024;19(2):85-98. doi: 10.22037/iej.v19i2.44842. PMID: 38577001; PMCID: PMC10988643.
  4. Ahmed ZH, Almuharib AM, Abdulkarim AA, et al. Artificial Intelligence and Its Application in Endodontics: A Review. J Contemp Dent Pract 2023;24(11):912–917.
  5. Dongre, V., Kokate, L., Salunke, V., Durge, S., Patil, P., & Khandait, V. (2017). Artificial Intelligence for Prediction of Standard Lactation Milk yield in Deoni Cattle. International Journal of Livestock Research, 7(11), 167-173.
  6. Basheer IA, Hajmeer M. Artificial neural networks: fundamentals, computing, design, and application. J Microbiol Methods. 2000 Dec 1;43(1):3-31. doi: 10.1016/s0167-7012(00)00201-3. PMID: 11084225.
  7. Ourang SA, Sohrabniya F, Mohammad‐Rahimi H, Dianat O, Aminoshariae A, Nagendrababu V, Dummer PM, Duncan HF, Nosrat A. Artificial intelligence in endodontics: Fundamental principles, workflow, and tasks. International Endodontic Journal. 2024 Nov;57(11):1546-65.
  8. Jeon, S.J., Yun, J.P., Yeom, H.G., Shin, W.S., Lee, J.H., Jeong, S.H.et al. (2021) Deep-learning for predicting C-shaped canals in mandibular second molars on panoramic radiographs. Dento Maxillo Facial Radiology, 50(5), 20200513.
  9. Albawi, S., Mohammed, T.A. & Al-Zawi,S. (Eds.). (2017) Understanding of a convolutional neural network. 2017 International conference on engineering and technology (ICET). IEEE.
  10. Basha, S.S., Dubey, S.R., Pulabaigari, V. & Mukherjee, S. (2020) Impact of fully connected layers on performance of convolutional neural networks for image classification. Neurocomputing, 378, 112–119.
  11. Patel S, Dawood A, Whaites E, Pitt Ford T. New dimensions in endodontic imaging: part 1.Conventional and alternative radiographic systems. Int Endod J 2009;42:447–62.
  12. Leonardi Dutra K, Haas L, Porporatti AL, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of cone-beam computed tomography and conventional radiography on apical periodontitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Endod 2016;42:356–64.
  13. Endres MG, Hillen F, Salloumis M, et al. Development of a deep learning algorithm for periapical disease detection in dental radiographs. Diagnostics (Basel) 2020;10:430.
  14. Pauwels R, Brasil DM, Yamasaki MC, et al. Artificial intelligence for detection of periapical lesions on intraoral radiographs: comparison between convolutional neural networks and human observers. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2021;131:610–6.
  15. Ekert T, Krois J, Meinhold L, et al. Deep learning for the radiographic detection of apical lesions. J Endod 2019;45:917–922.e5.
  16. Setzer FC, Shi KJ, Zhang Z, et al. Artificial intelligence for the computer-aided detection of periapical lesions in cone-beam computed tomographic images. J Endod 2020;46:987–93.
  17. Orhan K, Bayrakdar IS, Ezhov M, et al. Evaluation of artificial intelligence for detecting periapical pathosis on cone-beam computed tomography scans. Int Endod J 2020;53:680–9.
  18. Fuss Z, Lustig J, Katz A, Tamse A. An evaluation of endodontically treated vertical root fractured teeth: impact of operative procedures. J Endod 2001;27:46–8.
  19. Talwar S, Utneja S, Nawal RR, et al. Role of cone-beam computed tomography in diagnosis of vertical root fractures: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Endod 2016;42:12–24.
  20. Fukuda M, Inamoto K, Shibata N, et al. Evaluation of an artificial intelligence system for detecting vertical root fracture on panoramic radiography. Oral Radiol 2020;36:337–43.
  21. Johari M, Esmaeili F, Andalib A, et al. Detection of vertical root fractures in intact and endodontically treated premolar teeth by designing a probabilistic neural network: an ex vivo study. Dentomaxillofac Radiol 2017;46:20160107.
  22. Shah H, Hernandez P, Budin F, et al. Automatic quantification framework to detect cracks in teeth. Proc SPIE Int Soc Opt Eng 2018;10578:105781K.
  23. Vicory J, Chandradevan R, Hernandez-Cerdan P, et al. Dental microfracture detection using wavelet features and machine learning. In: Isgum I, Landman BA, editors. Medical Imaging 2021: Image Processing. Washington, DC: International Society for Optics and Photonics; 2021.115961R.
  24. Sjögren U, Hagglund B, Sundqvist G, Wing K. Factors affecting the long-term results of endodontic treatment. J Endod. 1990;16 (10):498–504. doi:10.1016/S0099-2399(07)80180-4.18
  25. Ricucci D, Langeland K. Apical limit of root canal instrumentation and obturation, part II. A histological study. Int Endod J. 1998;31(6):394–409. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2591.1998.00183.x.
  26. Chugal N, Clive J, Spångberg LSW. Endodontic infection: some biologic and treatment factors associated with outcome. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2003;96(1):81–90. doi:10.1016/S1079-2104(02)91703-8.
  27. Ng YL, Mann V, Rahbaran S, Lewsey J, Gulabivala K. Outcome of primary root canal treatment: systematic review of the literature - part 2. Influence of clinical factors. Int Endod J. 2008;41(12):6–31. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2591.2008.01484.x.
  28. Teswary S, Luzzo J, Hartwell G. Endodontic radiography: who is reading the digital radiograph? J Endod 2011;37;919-21.
  29. Saghiri MA, Asgar K, Boukani KK, et al. A new approach for locating the minor apical foramen using an artificial neural network. Int Endod J 212;45:257-65.
  30. Saghiri MA, Garcia-Godoy F, Gutmann JL, et al. The reliability of artificial neural network in locating minor apical foramen: a cadaver study. J Endod 2012;38:1130-4.
  31. Hiraiwa T, Ariji Y, Fukuda M, et al. A deep-learning artificial intelligence system for assessment of root morphology of the mandibular first molar on panoramic radiography. Dentomaxillofac Radiol 2019;48:20180218.
  32. Lahoud P, EzEldeen M, Beznik T, et al. Artificial intelligence for fast and accurate 3-dimensional tooth segmentation on cone-beam computed tomography. J Endod 2021;47:827–35.
  33. Leite AF, Gerven AV, Willems H, et al. Artificial intelligence-driven novel tool for tooth detection and segmentation on panoramic radiographs. Clin Oral Investig 2021;25:2257–67.
  34. Campo L, Aliaga IJ, De Paz JF, et al. Retreatment predictions in odontology by means of CBR systems. Comput Intell Neurosci 2016;2016:7485250.
  35. Gu D, Liang C, Zhao H. A case-based reasoning system based on weighted heterogeneous value distance metric for breast cancer diagnosis. Artif Intell Med 2017;77:31–47.
  36. Bindal P, Bindal U, Lin CW, et al. Neuro-fuzzy method for predicting the viability of stem cells treated at different time-concentration conditions. Technol Health Care 2017;25:1041–51.
  37. Bolding SL, Reebye UN. Accuracy of haptic robotic guidance of dental implant surgery for completely edentulous arches. J Prosthet Dent 2021 Mar 4.

Artificial intelligence (AI) is a technology that mimics intelligent human behavior by using machines. In recent years, its popularity has grown all over the world. This is primarily due to its capacity to accelerate treatment planning processes, enhance patient outcomes, and improve the accuracy of the diagnosis. To enhance personalized learning, predictive analytics, and patient care plans, endodontic AI-based techniques have been essential in utilizing many models using Deep Learning (DL) and Machine Learning (ML). The purpose of the review was to discuss the current endodontic uses of AI as well as possible future paths. In endodontics, AI models such as (e.g., convolutional neural networks and/or artificial neural networks) are used to study the anatomy of the root canal system, detect periapical lesions and root fractures, determine working length measurements, predict the viability of dental pulp stem cells, and determine the success of retreatment procedures. The future of this technology was discussed in terms of prognostic value diagnostics, drug interactions, scheduling, patient treatment, and robotically assisted endodontic surgery. AI has the potential to be transparent, reproducible, unbiased, and easy to use with careful design and long-term clinical validation. More research is required to verify the cost-effectiveness, applicability, and reliability of AI models before they are routinely used in clinical practice.

Keywords : Artificial Intelligence; Artificial Neural Networks; Convolutional Neural Networks; Endodontics

Never miss an update from Papermashup

Get notified about the latest tutorials and downloads.

Subscribe by Email

Get alerts directly into your inbox after each post and stay updated.
Subscribe
OR

Subscribe by RSS

Add our RSS to your feedreader to get regular updates from us.
Subscribe