Authors :
Alkali Lawan Zannah; Jibrin Musa Dibal; Muhammad Zannah Lawan; Babagana Kolo
Volume/Issue :
Volume 10 - 2025, Issue 6 - June
Google Scholar :
https://tinyurl.com/43xk5pk5
DOI :
https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/25jun011
Note : A published paper may take 4-5 working days from the publication date to appear in PlumX Metrics, Semantic Scholar, and ResearchGate.
Abstract :
This study assessed water access, quality, and infrastructure in Mairi Ward, Jere LGA, Borno State, Nigeria, using
Kobo Toolbox for real-time data collection. A systematic random sampling of households revealed that 68% rely on piped
water, while others use boreholes (17%) and wells (3%). Most residents (63%) spend less than 1 hour daily collecting water,
but 4% spend over 2 hours, indicating access disparities. Water quality perception indicated 33% “fair,” 26% “good,” 18%
“excellent,” and 23% “poor,” highlighting contamination concerns. Infrastructure assessment showed 21% of pipe networks
suffer leakages, with only 21% regularly maintained, while 79% face irregular or no maintenance. Socio-demographic
analysis found 47% of respondents were civil servants and 66% had tertiary education. Notably, 55% of residents do not
pay for water services, raising concerns about sustainability. Findings emphasize urgent interventions to improve water
quality, infrastructure maintenance, and community engagement to ensure equitable access to safe water in Mairi Ward.
Keywords :
Water Access, Water Quality, Infrastructure Assessment, Kobo Toolbox.
References :
- Adamu, S. S., & Musa, K. (2021). Water Access and Usage in Semi-Urban Areas of Maiduguri: An Infrastructure Review. Nigerian Journal of Environmental Management, 9(1), 55–63.
- Adamu, G. K., & Singh, R. (2020). Assessment of water supply and sanitation situation in Borno State, Nigeria. Journal of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, 12(3), 47–56. https://doi.org/10.5897/JWREE2020.0903.
- Adekunle, A. A., Adetayo O., Felix O. (2019). Water management awareness in Nigeria: A case study of urban and rural populations. Journal of Environmental Studies, 45(2), 178-192.
- Adeniran, A.E., Olayemi, A.B., & Adekunle, L.V. (2019). Microbial assessment of groundwater from shallow wells in urban and peri-urban areas of Nigeria. African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 13(5), 178–185.
- Akinbami, J.F.K., Oloruntade, A.J., & Ayinde, A.F. (2020). Water accessibility and time burden in rural Nigerian communities. African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 14(6), 177–186.
- Bhattachan, M., Karki, D., & Gurung, P. (2021). Application of Kobo Toolbox for WASH needs assessment in rural Nepal: A practical experience. Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development, 11(2), 254–260. https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2021.126.
- Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2018). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (5th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.
- Esri. (2022). ArcGIS Pro (Version 3.0) [Computer software]. Environmental Systems Research Institute. https://www.esri.com/en-us/arcgis/products/arcgis-pro/overview
- Harvard Humanitarian Initiative. (2020). Kobo Toolbox: Data collection for humanitarian emergencies and research. Retrieved from https://www.kobotoolbox.org/.
- Ibrahim, A. U., Musa, A., & Lawal, I. (2020). Assessment of water supply challenges in urban and peri-urban areas of northeastern Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Environmental Sciences and Technology, 4(1), 45–53.
- JMP (2022). Progress on household drinking water, sanitation, and hygiene 2000–2020. WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme Report.
- Kumar, R. (2014). Research methodology: A step-by-step guide for beginners (4th ed.). London: SAGE Publications.
- Musa, M.A., Abubakar, M., & Gana, B.S. (2020). Analysis of borehole water quality in Maiduguri, Northeastern Nigeria. Journal of Water Resource and Protection, 12(3), 259–267.
- Nwankwoala, H. O. (2011). The role of communities in improved rural water supply systems in Nigeria: Management model and its implications for vision 20:2020. Journal of Applied Technology in Environmental Sanitation, 1(3), 295–302.
- Nwankwo, C. I., Abdullahi, M., & Gana, T. J. (2018). Urban expansion and land use change in Maiduguri, Nigeria: Implications for peri-urban agriculture. Journal of Geography and Regional Planning, 11(6), 91–98. https://doi.org/10.5897/JGRP2018.0697.
- Oladimeji, M.A., & Musa, I.M. (2019). Challenges of water distribution network in North-Eastern Nigeria: A case study of Jere and Maiduguri metropolis. Journal of Sustainable Infrastructure Development, 4(1), 10–18.
- Okotto-Okotto, J., Okotto, L.G., Price, H., Pedley, S., & Wright, J. (2015). A longitudinal study of long-term change in household water access and use in Kenya. Science of the Total Environment, 537, 738–748.
- Pallant, J. (2020). SPSS survival manual: A step by step guide to data analysis using IBM SPSS (7th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education.
- Suleiman, M.A., & Garba, M. (2019). Assessment of water supply challenges in Jere LGA, Borno State, Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Environmental Sciences and Technology, 3(1), 45–53.
- Suleiman, M.A., Ibrahim, D.D., & Waziri, M. (2018). Evaluation of water sources in Jere LGA, Borno State: Implications for public health. Nigerian Journal of Environmental Sciences and Technology, 2(1), 25–33.
- UNICEF. (2021). Water, sanitation and hygiene in Nigeria: A national crisis. United Nations Children’s Fund. Retrieved from https://www.unicef.org/nigeria/water-sanitation-and-hygiene
- United Nations. (2015). Transforming our world: The 2030 agenda for sustainable development. https://sdgs.un.org/2030agenda
- UN OCHA. (2019). Humanitarian needs overview: Nigeria. United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. Retrieved from https://www.humanitarianresponse.info/en/operations/nigeria
- World Bank. (2018). Water supply and sanitation in Nigeria: Turning finance into services for the future. The World Bank Group. Retrieved from https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/watersupply
- World Health Organization. (2017). Guidelines for drinking-water quality (4th ed.). Geneva: WHO Press.
- Yusuf, A., & Bwala, M. A. (2019). Livelihood activities and challenges in peri-urban settlements of Maiduguri Metropolis, Borno State, Nigeria. Journal of Environmental Studies and Urban Planning, 3(2), 112–119.
- Yusuf, A., Bello, A., & Umar, B. (2021). Evaluation of pipe leakage and water loss in Maiduguri Urban Water Network. International Journal of Engineering and Environmental Science, 6(2), 45–52.
This study assessed water access, quality, and infrastructure in Mairi Ward, Jere LGA, Borno State, Nigeria, using
Kobo Toolbox for real-time data collection. A systematic random sampling of households revealed that 68% rely on piped
water, while others use boreholes (17%) and wells (3%). Most residents (63%) spend less than 1 hour daily collecting water,
but 4% spend over 2 hours, indicating access disparities. Water quality perception indicated 33% “fair,” 26% “good,” 18%
“excellent,” and 23% “poor,” highlighting contamination concerns. Infrastructure assessment showed 21% of pipe networks
suffer leakages, with only 21% regularly maintained, while 79% face irregular or no maintenance. Socio-demographic
analysis found 47% of respondents were civil servants and 66% had tertiary education. Notably, 55% of residents do not
pay for water services, raising concerns about sustainability. Findings emphasize urgent interventions to improve water
quality, infrastructure maintenance, and community engagement to ensure equitable access to safe water in Mairi Ward.
Keywords :
Water Access, Water Quality, Infrastructure Assessment, Kobo Toolbox.