Authors : Malawo Owen

Volume/Issue : Volume 11 - 2026, Issue 7 - July

Google Scholar : https://tinyurl.com/y3vta247

Scribd : https://tinyurl.com/ysrkhceu

DOI : https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/26jul356

Note : A published paper may take 4-5 working days from the publication date to appear in PlumX Metrics, Semantic Scholar, and ResearchGate.

Abstract : Background: Despite high awareness of COVID-19, adoption of prevention behaviours and vaccinations remained suboptimal in Zambia. Southern Province, with high multiple waves due to high mobility and cross-border trade.  Objective: To identify barriers and enablers to consistent mask wearing, handwashing, and Covid-19 vaccination uptake in Sinazongwe, Monze, Pemba, Kalomo and Namwala districts.  Method: A cross-sectional Barrier analysis using Doer and Non- Doer approach was conducted between 1st July to 31st July 2020. 150 households with 1350 respondents were interviewed. Data was collected using a semi-structured questionnaire based on 12 behavioral determinants. Data was analyzed using the data collection tools. Mobile phones and tablets were used to collect data from the participants. All questions in the tool were scripted on the web-based platform Open Data Kit (ODK). The survey tool was uploaded to the server and downloaded to the phones and tablets. Data was collected offline and uploaded online with the availability of internet service. The interviews were face-to-face taking into consideration health guidelines recommended by Ministry of Health.  Results: Overall uptake was; mask use 37.6%, regular handwashing 44.6%, at least one vaccine dose at 48. 2 %. Key barriers included low perceived susceptibility, discomfort with mask, lack of water/ soap, fear of vaccine side effects, infertility myths, long queues at the clinic, and poor access in rural areas. Health workers, fear of fines, need of vaccine cards for travel, and social influence recommended key enablers from leaders. Uptake was lowest in Sinazongwe and Monze.  Conclusion: Knowledge alone did not drive the behaviour. COVID-19 prevention was limited by behavioral structural and social factors. Social Behaviour change programs should address misinformation, improve access to WASH and vaccine, and engage trusted community, influential and faith leaders. Findings are critical for Pandemic preparedness in Zambia.

Keywords : COVID-19, Barrier Analysis, Vaccine Hesitancy, and Social Behavior Change.

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