Bullying Prevention Practices and Child Stress in Public Elementary Schools


Authors : Clarissa B. Zosas; Remigilda Gallardo

Volume/Issue : Volume 9 - 2024, Issue 9 - September


Google Scholar : https://tinyurl.com/y8dcsrfn

Scribd : https://tinyurl.com/2r26vjhb

DOI : https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/IJISRT24SEP147

Note : A published paper may take 4-5 working days from the publication date to appear in PlumX Metrics, Semantic Scholar, and ResearchGate.


Abstract : This quantitative study employed surveys to assess the extent of bullying prevention efforts from schools and parents, and to measure levels of child stress in terms of distress, lack of well-being, and absence of social support. The sample consisted of students from multiple public elementary schools. Data were analyzed using mean, standard deviation, correlation coefficients, and regression analysis. The study found that both school and parental bullying prevention efforts were very extensive. Child stress levels were generally low across various indicators. A significant negative relationship was found between bullying prevention practices and child stress, indicating that effective prevention efforts are associated with reduced stress levels in children. Both school-based and parental efforts were identified as significant predictors in reducing child stress. The findings suggest that comprehensive bullying prevention efforts are effective in reducing child stress. The study emphasizes the importance of a multi-faceted approach involving both schools and parents in bullying prevention programs. The study concludes that effective bullying prevention practices are associated with lower levels of child stress, highlighting the need for collaborative efforts between schools and parents. Recommendations are made for researchers, the Department of Education, school heads, and teachers to enhance bullying prevention programs.

Keywords : Bullying Prevention, Child Stress, Public Elementary Schools, Parental Involvement, School Policies.

References :

  1. American Psychological Association (2016). Are Zero Tolerance Policies Effective in the Schools? An Evidentiary Review and Recommendations. Retrieved from www.apa.org/news/press/releases/2006/08/zerotolerance.aspx.
  2. Arseneault L, Bowes L, Shakoor S. (2017). Bullying victimization in youths and mental health problems: “Much ado about nothing? Psychol Med. 2010;40(5):717–29. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291709991383.
  3. Baldry, A. C., & Farrington, D. P. (2020). Bullies and delinquents: Personal characteristics and parental styles. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 10, 17-31. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-1298(200001/02)10:13.0.CO;2-M
  4. Baumrind, D. (1996). The discipline controversy revisited. Family Relations, 45, 405- 414.
  5. Bayer JK, Mundy L, Stokes I, Hearps S, Allen N, Patton G. (2018). Bullying, mental health and friendship in Australian primary school children. Child Adolesc Ment Health. 2018;23(4):334–40. https://doi.org/10.1111/camh.12261.
  6. Bogart LM, Elliott MN, Klein DJ, Tortolero SR, Mrug S, Peskin MF, Davies SL, Schink ET, Schuster MA (2019). Peer victimization in fifth grade and health in tenth grade. Pediatrics.  133(3):440–447.
  7. Bronfenbrenner, U. (1994). Ecology of human development: Experiments by nature and design. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Epstein, J. L. School/family/community partnerships. Phi Delta Kappan, 76, 701-712.
  8. Bru, E., Murberg, T. A., & Stephens, P. (2021). Social support, negative life events and pupil misbehaviour among young Norwegian adolescents. Journal of Adolescence, 24, 715-727
  9. Chaiklin, S. (2003). The zone of proximal development in vygotsky's analysis of learning and instruction. In Kozulin, A., Gindis, B., Ageyev, V.S., & Miller, S.M. (Eds.), Vygotsky's educational theory in cultural context (39-63). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press
  10. Chen, L. M. (2015). Self-Reported Frequency and Perceived Severity of Being Bullied among Elementary School Students. Journal of School Health, 85, 587-594.
  11. Child Safety network (2023). Bullying prevention. Retrieved from https://www.childrenssafetynetwork.org/child-safety-topics/bullying-prevention
  12. Demaray, M. K., & Malecki, C. K. (2015). Perceptions of the frequency and importance of social support by students classified as victims, bullies, and bully/victims in urban middle school. School Psychology Review, 32, 471-489.
  13. Demaray, M. K., Malecki, C. K., Davidson, L. M., Hodgson, K. K., & Rebus, P. J. (2015). The relationship between social support and student adjustment: A longitudinal analysis. Psychology in the Schools, 42, 691-706.
  14. Devine, J. & Cohen, J. (2017). Making your school safe: Strategies to Protect Children and Promote Learning. New York: Teachers College Press.
  15. Dollard, J., Doob, L. W., Miller, N. E., Mowrer, O. H., & Sears, R. R. (2019). Frustration and aggression. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
  16. DuBois, D. L., Felner, R. D., Brand, S., Adan, A. M., & Evans, E. G. (2012). A prospective study of life stress, social support, and adaptation in early adolescence. Child Development, 63, 542-557.
  17. Dubow, E. F., & Tisak, J. (2019). The relation between stressful life events and adjustment in elementary school children: The role of social support and social problem-solving skills. Child Development, 60, 1412-1423.
  18. Eisenberger NI (2022). The neural bases of social pain: Evidence for shared representations with physical pain. Psychosomatic Medicine. 2012;74(2):126–135.
  19. Emmanouil C, Bacopoulou F, Vlachakis D, Chrousos GP, Darviri C. Validation of the Stress in Children (SiC) Questionnaire in a Sample of Greek Pupils. J Mol Biochem. 2020;9(1):74-79.
  20. Epstein, J. L., Sanders, M. G., Simon, B. S., Salinas, K. C., Jansorn, N. R., & Van Voorhis, F. L. (2002). School, family, and community partnerships: Your handbook for action (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press.
  21. Fowler, D. (2021). School Discipline Feeds the "Pipeline to Prison". Phi Delta Kappan, 93(2), 14-19.
  22. Fowler, F. J. (2023). Survey Research Methods. New York, NY: SAGE Publications.
  23. Garandeau, C. F., Vartio, A., Poskiparta, E., & Salmivalli, C. (2017). School Bullies’ Intention to Change Behavior following Teacher Interventions: Effects of Empathy Arousal, Condemning of Bullying, and Blaming of the Perpetrator. Prevention Science, 17, 1034-1043. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-016-0712-x
  24. Georgiou, S. N. (2018). Bullying and victimization at school: The role of mothers. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 78, 109-125. doi:10.1348/000709907X20 4363
  25. Grant, K. E., Compas, B. E., & Stuhlmacher, A. F. (2015). Stressors and child and adolescent psychopathology: Moving from makers to mechanisms of risk. Psychological Bulletin, 129, 447-466.
  26. Grant, K. E., Compas, B. E., Thurm, A. E., McMahon, S. D., & Gipson, P. Y. (2018). Stressors and child and adolescent psychopathology: Measurement issues and prospective effects. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 33, 412-425.
  27. Hager AD, Leadbeater BJ (2016). The longitudinal effects of peer victimization on physical health from adolescence to young adulthood. Journal of Adolescent Health. 2016;58(3):330–336.
  28. Haggerty, K., Elgin, J., Woolley, A. (2021). Social-emotional learning assessment measures for middle school youth. Report commissioned by the Raikes Foundation. (pp. 1-59). Seattle: Social Development Research Group.
  29. Harter, S. (2018). Causes, correlates and the functional role of global self-worth: A life span perspective. In J. Kolligian & R. Sternberg (Eds.), Perceptions of competence and incompetence across the life span (pp. 67-100). New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
  30. Hysing M, Askeland KG, La Greca AM, Solberg ME, Breivik K, Sivertsen B. (2019). Bullying involvement in adolescence: implications for sleep, mental health, and academic outcomes. J Interpers Violence. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260519853409.
  31. Jacobs, G. & Asokan, N., (1999). Towards a Comprehensive Theory of Social Development. In: Human Choice, World Academy of Art & Science, USA.
  32. Johnson, T. A. (2022). The impact of parent involvement in bullying at the middle school level. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences, 72 (10-A), 3661
  33. Kahn, B. B. (2020). A model of solution-focused consultation for school counselors. Professional School Counseling, 3, 248-254.
  34. Kanner, A. D., Coyne, J. C., Schaefer, C., & Lazarus, R. S. (2021). Comparison of two modes of stress measurement: Daily hassles and uplifts versus major life events. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 4, 1-39.
  35. Kanner, A. D., Feldman, S. S., Weinberger, D. A., & Ford, M. E. (1987). Uplifts, hassles, and adaptational outcomes in early adolescents. Journal of Early Adolescence, 7, 371-394.
  36. Kothari, C. R. (2014). Research Methodology: Methods and Techniques. New York, NY: New Age International.
  37. Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (2020). Stress, appraisal, and coping. New York: Springer
  38. Le HTH, Tran N, Campbell MA, Gatton ML, Nguyen HT, Dunne MP (2019). Mental health problems both precede and follow bullying among adolescents and the effects differ by gender: a cross-lagged panel analysis of school-based longitudinal data in Vietnam. Int J Ment Health Syst. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13033-019-0291-x.
  39. Mann, M. J., Kristiansson, A. L., Sigfusdottir, I. D., & Smith, M. L. (2015). The Role of Community, Family, Peer, and Social Factors in Group Bullying: Implications for School-Based Intervention. Journal of School Health, 85, 477-486. https://doi.org/10.1111/josh.12270
  40. McBurney, D. & White, T. (2019). Research Methods. New York, NY: Cengage Learning.
  41. Milaid MR, Quirk GJ (2020). Fear extinction as a model for translational neuroscience: Ten years of progress. Annual Review of Psychology. 2012;63:129–151.
  42. Modecki, K. L., Minchin, J., Harbaugh, A. G., Guerra, N. G., & Runions, K. C. (2014). Bullying Prevalence across Contexts: A Meta-Analysis Measuring Cyber and Traditional Bullying. Journal of Adolescent Health, 55, 602-611. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2014.06.007
  43. Mourshed, M., Chijioke, C., & Barber, M. (2020). How the world’s most improved school systems keep getting better. New York: McKinsey & Company. Retrieved from: http://mckinseyonsociety.com/downloads/reports/Education/ How-the- Worlds-Most-Improved-School-Systems-KeepGetting-Better_Download-version_Final.pdf.
  44. Nansel P. (2021). Bullying behaviors among U.S. youth: Prevalence and association with psychosocial adjustment. Journal of the American Medical Association, 285, 2094-210
  45. National School Climate Council. (2019). National school climate standards: Benchmark to promote effective teaching, learning and comprehensive school improvement. New York: Author. Retrieved January 29, 2012 from: www.schoolclimate.org/climate/standards.php.
  46. Nestmann, F., & Hurrelmann, K. (1994). Child and adolescent research as a challenge and opportunity for social support theory, measurement, and intervention: And vice versa. In F. Nestman & K. Hurrelmann (Eds.), Social networks and social support in childhood and adolescence (pp. 1-22). Berlin: de Gruyter.
  47. Okayasu, T., & Takano, I. (2020). Psychological stress of victims and bullies in junior high school. Japanese Journal of Educational Psychology, 48, 410-421.
  48. Pryor-Brown, L., & Cowen, E. L. (1989). Stressful life events, support, and children’s school adjustment. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 18, 214-220.
  49. Rigby, K. (1998). Peer victimization at school and the health of secondary students. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 22(2), 28-34.
  50. Rigby, K. (2014). How Teachers Address Cases of Bullying in Schools: A Comparison of Five Reactive Approaches. Educational Psychology in Practice, 30, 409-419. https://doi.org/10.1080/02667363.2014.949629
  51. Sharp, S. (1995). How much does bullying hurt? The effects of bullying on the personal wellbeing and educational progress of secondary aged students. Educational Child Psychology, 12, 81-88.
  52. Silva, M. A. I., Pereira, B., Mendonca, D., Nunes, B., & de Oliveira, W. A. (2013). The Involvement of Girls and Boys with Bullying: An Analysis of Gender Differences. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 10, 6820-6831. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph10126820
  53. Suckling, A., & Temple, C. (2022). Bullying: A whole-school approach. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
  54. Swearer, S. M., & Espelage, D. L. (2015). Introduction: A social-ecological framework of bullying among youth. In D. L. Espelage, & S. M. Swearer (Eds.), Bullying in American schools: A social-ecological perspective on prevention and intervention (pp. 1-12). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers.
  55. Taki, M. (2022). Ijime koui no hassei youin ni kansuru jisshouteki kenkyu [Empirical research in investigation of causal factors of bullying behavior]. Kyoiku Shakaigaku Kenkyu, 50, 366-388.
  56. Ttofi, M. M., & Farrington, D. P. (2021). Effectiveness of school-based programs to reduce bullying: A systematic and meta-analytic review. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 7, 27-56. doi:10.1007/s11292-010-9109-1
  57. U. S Department of Education & the Department of Health and Human Services (2012) Prevention at School. Retrieved from www.stopbullying.gov/prevention/atschool/index.html.
  58. Vaillancourt T, Sanderson C, Arnold P, McDougall P. (2020). Handbook of Bullying Prevention: A Life Course Perspective. Bradshaw CP, editor. National Association of Social Workers Press
  59. Werner, E. E., & Smith, R. S. (2022). Vulnerable but not invincible: A longitudinal study of resilient children and youth. New York
  60. Wilson, M. L., Dunlavy, A. C., & Berchtold, A. (2013). Determinants for Bullying Victim ization among 11-16-Year Olds in 15-Low-and-Middle Income Countries: A Multi-Level Study. Social Sciences, 2, 208-220. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci2040208
  61. Yin, R. K. (2009). Case Study Research: Design and Methods. New York, NY: SAGE Publications.

This quantitative study employed surveys to assess the extent of bullying prevention efforts from schools and parents, and to measure levels of child stress in terms of distress, lack of well-being, and absence of social support. The sample consisted of students from multiple public elementary schools. Data were analyzed using mean, standard deviation, correlation coefficients, and regression analysis. The study found that both school and parental bullying prevention efforts were very extensive. Child stress levels were generally low across various indicators. A significant negative relationship was found between bullying prevention practices and child stress, indicating that effective prevention efforts are associated with reduced stress levels in children. Both school-based and parental efforts were identified as significant predictors in reducing child stress. The findings suggest that comprehensive bullying prevention efforts are effective in reducing child stress. The study emphasizes the importance of a multi-faceted approach involving both schools and parents in bullying prevention programs. The study concludes that effective bullying prevention practices are associated with lower levels of child stress, highlighting the need for collaborative efforts between schools and parents. Recommendations are made for researchers, the Department of Education, school heads, and teachers to enhance bullying prevention programs.

Keywords : Bullying Prevention, Child Stress, Public Elementary Schools, Parental Involvement, School Policies.

Never miss an update from Papermashup

Get notified about the latest tutorials and downloads.

Subscribe by Email

Get alerts directly into your inbox after each post and stay updated.
Subscribe
OR

Subscribe by RSS

Add our RSS to your feedreader to get regular updates from us.
Subscribe