Authors :
Faisal Al Islam; Ameera Binty Nazmul
Volume/Issue :
Volume 10 - 2025, Issue 1 - January
Google Scholar :
https://tinyurl.com/4zpfk9h2
Scribd :
https://tinyurl.com/3pefj3z2
DOI :
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14744536
Abstract :
The global expansion of accessible Gen AI tools, specifically Large Language Models (LLMs) such as ChatGPT
and Gemini is transforming the paradigm of higher education. Bangladesh is not exempt from this as the favorability of
ChatGPT and Gemini is increasing substantially among Bangladeshi university students given its availability and ability
to generate exclusive content, and comprehensive responses within seconds. However, the core differences between
ChatGPT and Gemini in accessing and processing information lead them to provide exclusive experience and expertise
influencing students’ productivity and interest. By analyzing the factors influencing Bangladeshi students’ use of
ChatGPT and Gemini, this research intends to provide critical insights and contribute to developing policies for
incorporating AI ethically in the national curriculum addressing students’ needs. This study adopted quantitative methods
with a questionnaire survey. The paper identified the key factors that differentiate the use of ChatGPT and Gemini for
academic purposes among university students in Bangladesh which will contributes to transformative changes in
Bangladesh’s education development.
Keywords :
ChatGPT, Gemini, LLMs, Education, Bangladesh.
References :
- Alotaibi, N. S., & Alshehri, A. H. (2023). Prospers and Obstacles in Using Artificial Intelligence in Saudi Arabia Higher Education Institutions—The Potential of AI-Based Learning Outcomes. Sustainability, 15(13), 10723. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151310723
- Aydin, Ö., & Karaarslan, E. (2023). Is ChatGPT Leading Generative AI? What is Beyond Expectations? Academic Platform Journal of Engineering and Smart Systems, 11(3), 118–134. https://doi.org/10.21541/apjess.1293702
- Bai̇doo-Anu, D., & Ansah, L. O. (2023). Education in the Era of Generative Artificial Intelligence (AI): Understanding the potential benefits of ChatGPT in promoting teaching and learning. Journal of AI, 7(1), 52–62. https://doi.org/10.61969/jai.1337500
- Bebell, D., & O’Dwyer, L. (2010, January 3). Educational Outcomes and Research from 1:1 Computing Settings. https://ejournals.bc.edu/index.php/jtla/article/view/1606
- Berg, C. (2023). The case for Generative AI in Scholarly practice. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4407587
- Cao, Y., Li, S., Liu, Y., Yan, Z., Dai, Y., Yu, P. S., & Sun, L. (2023). A Comprehensive Survey of AI-Generated Content (AIGC): A History of Generative AI from GAN to ChatGPT. arXiv (Cornell University). https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2303.04226
- Chan, C. K. Y., & Hu, W. (2023). Students’ voices on generative AI: perceptions, benefits, and challenges in higher education. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 20(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-023-00411-8
- Chan, C. K. Y., & Lee, K. K. W. (2023b). The AI generation gap: Are Gen Z students more interested in adopting generative AI such as ChatGPT in teaching and learning than their Gen X and millennial generation teachers? Smart Learning Environments, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40561-023-00269-3
- Coles, G. (2023, December 28). Google DeepMind Gemini AI release date. PC Guide. https://www.pcguide.com/apps/google-deepmind-gemini-release-date/
- D. Kovačević, "Use of ChatGPT in ESP Teaching Process," 2023 22nd International Symposium INFOTEH-JAHORINA (INFOTEH), East Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, 2023, pp. 1-5 10.1109/INFOTEH57020.2023.10094133
- Dwivedi, Y. K., Kshetri, N., Hughes, L., Slade, E. L., Jeyaraj, A., Kar, A. K., Baabdullah, A. M., Koohang, A., Raghavan, V., Ahuja, M., Albanna, H., Albashrawi, M. A., Al-Busaidi, A. S., Balakrishnan, J., Barlette, Y., Basu, S., Bose, I., Brooks, L., Buhalis, D., . . . Wright, R. (2023). Opinion Paper: “So what if ChatGPT wrote it?” Multidisciplinary perspectives on opportunities, challenges and implications of generative conversational AI for research, practice and policy. International Journal of Information Management, 71, 102642. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2023.102642
- Farrokhnia, M., Banihashem, S. K., Noroozi, O., & Wals, A. (2023). A SWOT analysis of ChatGPT: Implications for educational practice and research. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 61(3), 460–474. https://doi.org/10.1080/14703297.2023.2195846
- Firaina, R., & Sulisworo, D. (2023). Exploring the Usage of ChATGPT in Higher Education: Frequency and Impact on Productivity. Buletin Edukasi Indonesia, 2(01), 39–46. https://doi.org/10.56741/bei.v2i01.310
- Geerling, W., Mateer, G. D., Wooten, J., & Damodaran, N. (2023). ChatGPT has Aced the Test of Understanding in College Economics: Now What? The American Economist, 68(2), 233-245. https://doi.org/10.1177/05694345231169654
- Gemini. (2024, October 9). Google DeepMind. https://deepmind.google/technologies/gemini/
- Generative AI examples. (n.d.). Google Cloud. https://cloud.google.com/use-cases/generative-ai
- Google (2024). Gemini Apps FAQ. https://gemini.google.com/faq
- Haleem, A., Javaid, M., Qadri, M. A., & Suman, R. (2022). Understanding the role of digital technologies in education: A review. Sustainable Operations and Computers, 3, 275–285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.susoc.2022.05.004
- He, W., Dai, Y., Zheng, Y., Wu, Y., Cao, Z., Liu, D., Jiang, P., Yang, M., Huang, F., Si, L., Sun, J., & Li, Y. (2022). GALAXY: A Generative Pre-trained Model for Task-Oriented Dialog with Semi-supervised Learning and Explicit Policy Injection. Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, 36(10), 10749–10757. https://doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v36i10.21320
- Holden, O. L., Norris, M. E., & Kuhlmeier, V. A. (2021). Academic Integrity in Online Assessment: A Research review. Frontiers in Education, 6. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2021.639814
- How technology is shaping learning in higher education. (2022, June 15). McKinsey & Company. https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/education/our-insights/how-technology-is-shaping-learning-in-higher-education
- Imran, M., & Almusharraf, N. (2024). Google Gemini as a next-generation AI educational tool: a review of emerging educational technology. Smart Learning Environments, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40561-024-00310-z
- Interaction Design Foundation - IxDF. (2024, March 20). What is The Fourth Industrial Revolution? Interaction Design Foundation - IxDF. https://www.interaction-design.org/literature/topics/the-fourth-industrial-revolution
- Javaid, M., Haleem, A., Singh, R. P., Khan, S., & Khan, I. H. (2023). Unlocking the opportunities through ChatGPT Tool towards ameliorating the education system. BenchCouncil Transactions on Benchmarks Standards and Evaluations, 3(2), 100115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tbench.2023.100115
- Jeon, J., & Lee, S. (2023). Large language models in education: A focus on the complementary relationship between human teachers and ChatGPT. Education and Information Technologies, 28(12), 15873–15892. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-023-11834-1
- Kasneci, E., Sessler, K., Küchemann, S., Bannert, M., Dementieva, D., Fischer, F., Gasser, U., Groh, G., Günnemann, S., Hüllermeier, E., Krusche, S., Kutyniok, G., Michaeli, T., Nerdel, C., Pfeffer, J., Poquet, O., Sailer, M., Schmidt, A., Seidel, T., . . . Kasneci, G. (2023). ChatGPT for good? On opportunities and challenges of large language models for education. Learning and Individual Differences, 103, 102274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2023.102274
- Kassab, M., DeFranco, J., & Laplante, P. (2019). A systematic literature review on Internet of things in education: Benefits and challenges. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 36(2), 115–127. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcal.12383
- Learn more about Deep Learning and Natural Language Processing. (n.d.). Kili-website. https://kili-technology.com/data-labeling/nlp/nlp-deep-learning Staff, C. (2024, April 18).
- Lee, J. H., Shin, D., & Noh, W. (2023). Artificial Intelligence-Based Content Generator technology for young English-as-a-Foreign-Language learners’ reading enjoyment. RELC Journal, 54(2), 508–516. https://doi.org/10.1177/00336882231165060
- Lim, W. M., Gunasekara, A., Pallant, J. L., Pallant, J. I., & Pechenkina, E. (2023). Generative AI and the future of education: Ragnarök or reformation? A paradoxical perspective from management educators. The International Journal of Management Education, 21(2), 100790. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijme.2023.100790
- Neumann, M., Rauschenberger, M. and Schön, E.-M. (2023), “‘We need to talk about ChatGPT’: the future of AI and higher education”, in 2023 IEEE/ACM 5th International Workshop on Software Engineering Education for the Next Generation (SEENG), IEEE, pp. 29-32.
- Niloy, A. C., Bari, M. A., Sultana, J., Chowdhury, R., Raisa, F. M., Islam, A., Mahmud, S., Jahan, I., Sarkar, M., Akter, S., Nishat, N., Afroz, M., Sen, A., Islam, T., Tareq, M. H., & Hossen, M. A. (2024). Why do students use ChatGPT? Answering through a triangulation approach. Computers and Education Artificial Intelligence, 6, 100208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2024.100208
- Nyaaba, M. (2023). Comparing human and AI’s (GPT-4 and Gemini) understanding of the nature of science. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4661602
- OpenAI. (2023, September 25). ChatGPT can now see, hear, and speak. Retrieved October 17, 2024, from https://openai.com/index/chatgpt-can-now-see-hear-and-speak/
- OpenAI. (2024, September). How ChatGPT and our language models are developed. OpenAI Help Center. Retrieved October 16, 2024, from https://help.openai.com/en/articles/7842364-how-chatgpt-and-our-language-models-are-developed
- Perera, P., & Lankathilaka, M. (2023). Preparing to revolutionize education with the multi-model GenAI tool Google Gemini? A journey towards effective policy making. J Adv Educ Philos, 7(8): 7(8): 246-253 https://dx.doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623
- Rahman, M. M., & Watanobe, Y. (2023). ChatGPT for Education and Research: Opportunities, Threats, and Strategies. Applied Sciences, 13(9), 5783. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783
- Rane, Nitin and Choudhary, Saurabh and Rane, Jayesh, Gemini or ChatGPT? Efficiency, Performance, and Adaptability of Cutting-Edge Generative Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Finance and Accounting (February 19, 2024). Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4731283 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4731283
- Reid, L. (2024, May 15). Generative AI in Search: Let Google do the searching for you. Google. https://blog.google/products/search/generative-ai-google-search-may-2024/
- Ross, P., & Maynard, K. (2021). Towards a 4th industrial revolution. Intelligent Buildings International, 13(3), 159–161. https://doi.org/10.1080/17508975.2021.1873625
- Saeidnia, H. R. (2023). Welcome to the Gemini era: Google DeepMind and the information industry. Library Hi Tech News. https://doi.org/10.1108/LHTN-12-2023-0214
- Shoufan, A., & Mohamed, F. (2022). YouTube and Education: A scoping review. IEEE Access, 10, 125576–125599. https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3225419
- Sullivan, M., Kelly, A., & McLaughlan, P. (2023). ChatGPT in higher education: Considerations for academic integrity and student learning. Journal of Applied Learning & Teaching, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.17
- Sung, Y., Chang, K., & Liu, T. (2015). The effects of integrating mobile devices with teaching and learning on students’ learning performance: A meta-analysis and research synthesis. Computers & Education, 94, 252–275. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2015.11.008
- Supriyadi, edi. (2024). Exploring Google Bard’s (Gemini) Role in Enhancing Research Articles in Computational Thinking and Mathematics Education. Papanda Journal of Mathematics and Science Research, 3(1), 28–37. https://ejournal.papanda.org/index.php/pjmsr/article/view/707
- Susnjak, T. (2022). ChatGPT: The end of online exam integrity? arXiv (Cornell University). https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2212.09292
- Tanvir, K., Islam, M. S., Sezan, S. B. K., Sanad, Z. A., & Ataur, A. I. (2023). Impact of ChatGPT on Academic Performance among Bangladeshi Undergraduate Students. Deleted Journal, 35, 18–28. https://doi.org/10.55529/ijrise.35.18.28
- Team, G., Anil, R., Borgeaud, S., Alayrac, J., Yu, J., Soricut, R., Schalkwyk, J., Dai, A. M., Hauth, A., Millican, K., Silver, D., Johnson, M., Antonoglou, I., Schrittwieser, J., Glaese, A., Chen, J., Pitler, E., Lillicrap, T., Lazaridou, A., . . . Vinyals, O. (2023). Gemini: a family of highly capable multimodal models. arXiv (Cornell University). https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2312.11805
- Tu, J., Hadan, H., Wang, D. M., Sgandurra, S. A., Mogavi, R. H., & Nacke, L. E. (2024). Augmenting the Author: Exploring the Potential of AI Collaboration in Academic Writing. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2404.16071
- Urban, M., Děchtěrenko, F., Lukavský, J., Hrabalová, V., Svacha, F., Brom, C., & Urban, K. (2024). ChatGPT improves creative problem-solving performance in university students: An experimental study. Computers and Education/Computers & Education, 215, 105031. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2024.105031
- Uribe, S. E., Maldupa, I., Kavadella, A., Tantawi, M. E., Chaurasia, A., Fontana, M., Marino, R., Innes, N., & Schwendicke, F. (2024). Artificial intelligence chatbots and large language models in dental education: Worldwide survey of educators. European Journal of Dental Education. https://doi.org/10.1111/eje.13009
- Yan, D. (2023). Impact of ChatGPT on learners in a L2 writing practicum: An exploratory investigation. Education and Information Technologies, 28(11), 13943–13967. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-023-11742-4
- Yilmaz, F. G. K., Yilmaz, R., & Ceylan, M. (2023). Generative Artificial Intelligence Acceptance Scale: A Validity and Reliability study. International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2023.2288730
- Zhai, X. (2023). ChatGPT for next-generation Science Learning. Crossroads, 29(3), 42–46. https://doi.org/10.1145/3589649
- Zhai, X. (2022b). ChatGPT User Experience: Implications for Education. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4312418
The global expansion of accessible Gen AI tools, specifically Large Language Models (LLMs) such as ChatGPT
and Gemini is transforming the paradigm of higher education. Bangladesh is not exempt from this as the favorability of
ChatGPT and Gemini is increasing substantially among Bangladeshi university students given its availability and ability
to generate exclusive content, and comprehensive responses within seconds. However, the core differences between
ChatGPT and Gemini in accessing and processing information lead them to provide exclusive experience and expertise
influencing students’ productivity and interest. By analyzing the factors influencing Bangladeshi students’ use of
ChatGPT and Gemini, this research intends to provide critical insights and contribute to developing policies for
incorporating AI ethically in the national curriculum addressing students’ needs. This study adopted quantitative methods
with a questionnaire survey. The paper identified the key factors that differentiate the use of ChatGPT and Gemini for
academic purposes among university students in Bangladesh which will contributes to transformative changes in
Bangladesh’s education development.
Keywords :
ChatGPT, Gemini, LLMs, Education, Bangladesh.