Authors : Dr. Suchetha Aghanashini; Dr. Aastha Gajavalli; Dr. Apoorva Sokke Mallikarjunappa; Dr. Anusha.D

Volume/Issue : Volume 9 - 2024, Issue 7 - July

---

Google Scholar : https://rb.gy/htek3o

Scribd : https://tinyurl.com/5axuc55y

DOI : https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/IJISRT24JUL1863

Note : A published paper may take 4-5 working days from the publication date to appear in PlumX Metrics, Semantic Scholar, and ResearchGate.

---

Abstract : Lymphatics play a crucial role in defense mechanism of the body, but there is a wide array of conditions that directly or indirectly alter lymphatics. Lymphatic disease may manifest as imbalance in body fluid homeostasis, immunity impairment, and irregularities in fluid reabsorption. Lymphadenopathy is a major clinical manifestation associated with infection, inflammation, autoimmune disease and malignancy. It is indicative of systemic infection or disease when there is involvement of specific lymph nodes. Lymphatic vessels, constitute the secondary circulatory system in human body after blood circulation, and plays a significant role in maintaining homeostasis throughout the body. They are responsible for absorption and transport of lymph, the immune defense.

Keywords : Lymphatics, Lymphoid, Tissue Fluid, Lymph Nodes, Lymphadenopathy, Blood Vessels, Lymph.

References :

1. B D CHAURASIA HUMAN ANATOMY 7^th edition, VOLUME 3, page no 161-165
2. Lambert SM. Shoulder girdle and arm. In: Gray’s Anatomy: The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice. 41st ed. Elsevier; 2016. p. 834.
3. Richter E, Feyerabend T. Normal lymph node topography: CT atlas. Springer; 2004.
4. Iwanaga J, Lofton C, He P, Dumont AS, Tubbs RS. Lymphatic System of the Head and Neck. J. Craniofac. Surg. 2021;32(5):1901–5.
5. Swartz, M. A. & Skobe, M. 2001 Lymphatic function, lymphangiogenesis, and cancer metastasis. Microsc. Res.Tech. 55, 92 –99
6. Pan, W. R., Le Roux, C. M., Levy, S. M. & Briggs, C. A.2010 The morphology of the human lymphatic vessels in the head and neck. Clin. Anat. 23, 654–661.
7. Margaris KN, Black RA. Modelling the lymphatic system: challenges and opportunities. Journal of the Royal Society Interface. 2012 Apr 7;9(69):601-12.
8. Reddy, N. P. & Patel, K. 1995 A mathematical-model of flow-through the terminal lymphatics. Med. Eng. Phys.17, 134– 140
9. Zeppa P, Cozzolino I: Lymph Node FNC. Cytopathology of Lymph Nodes and Extranodal Lymphoproliferative Processes. Monogr Clin Cytol. Basel, Karger, 2018, vol 23, pp 19–33 (DOI: 10.1159/000478879
10. RISTEVSKI, B., H. BECKER, M. CYBULSKY, et al. 2006.Lymph, lymphocytes, and lymphatics. Immunol. Res.35: 55–64.
11. BRICE, G., A.H. CHILD, A. EVANS, et al. 2005.Milroy disease and the VEGFR-3 mutation phenotype. J. Med. Genet.42: 98–102
12. Stemmer, R. 1976. A clinical symptom for the early and differential diagnosis of lymphedema. Vasa. 5: 261–262.
13. FAUL, J.L., G.J. BERRY, T.V. COLBY, et al. 2000. Thoracic lymphangiomas, lymphangiectasis, lymphangiomatosis, and lymphatic dysplasia syndrome. Am. J. Respir. Crit.Care Med. 161: 1037–1046.
14. CHERVENAK, F.A., G. ISAACSON, K.J. BLAKEMORE, et al.1983. Fetal cystic hygroma: cause and natural history. N.Engl. J. Med. 309: 822–825.
15. Sahai S. Lymphadenopathy. Pediatrics in review. 2013 May 1;34(5):216-27.
16. TRAVIS, W.D., J. USUKI, K. HORIBA, et al. 1999. Histopathologic studies on lymphangioleiomyomatosis. In LAM and Other Diseases Characterized by Smooth Muscle Proliferation. J. Moss, Ed.: 171–217. Marcel Dekker. NewYork
17. "lymphadenitis" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary
18. "lymphangitis" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary
19. Fontanilla, JM; Barnes, A; Von Reyn, CF (September 2011). "Current diagnosis and management of peripheral tuberculous lymphadenitis". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 53 (6): 555–562.
20. Taylor EJ (2000). Dorland's Illustrated medical dictionary (29th ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders. p. 1038
21. Yu, Li; Tu, Meifeng; Cortes, Jorge; Xu-Monette, Zijun Y.; Miranda, Roberto N.; Zhang, Jun; Orlowski, Robert Z.; Neelapu, Sattva; Boddu, Prajwal C.; Akosile, Mary A.; Uldrick, Thomas S. (2017-03-23). "Clinical and pathological characteristics of HIV- and HHV-8–negative Castleman disease". Blood. 129 (12): 1658–1668.
22. "Chylothorax and Cholesterol Effusion". Pulmonology Advisor. 2019-01-23. Retrieved 2019-03-24.
23. Heffner JE. Clinical presentation and management of cholesterol effusions. 2018.
24. Schild, Hans H; Strassburg, Christian P; Welz, Armin; Kalff, Jörg (2013–2014). "Treatment Options in Patients With Chylothorax". Deutsches Ärzteblatt International. 110 (48): 819–826
25. McCrindle BW, Rowley AH, Newburger JW, Burns JC, Bolger AF, Gewitz M, Baker AL, Jackson MA, Takahashi M, Shah PB, Kobayashi T, Wu MH, Saji TT, Pahl E (2017). "Diagnosis, Treatment, and Long-Term Management of Kawasaki Disease: A Scientific Statement for Health Professionals From the American Heart Association". Circulation. 135 (17): e927–e999.
26. "Kawasaki Disease". PubMed Health. NHLBI Health Topics. 11 June 2014
27. Rammohan A, Cherukuri SD, Manimaran AB, Manohar RR, Naidu RM (June 2012). "Kikuchi-Fujimoto Disease: A Sheep in Wolf's Clothing". J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 41 (3): 222–26.
28. Kaushik V, Malik TH, Bishop PW, Jones PH (June 2004). "Histiocytic necrotising lymphadenitis (Kikuchi's disease): a rare cause of cervical lymphadenopathy". Surgeon. 2 (3): 179–82.
29. Bosch X, Guilabert A (2006). "Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease". Orphanet J Rare Dis. 1: 18. doi:10.1186/1750-1172-1-18. PMC 1481509. PMID 16722618.
30. Bosch X, Guilabert A, Miquel R, Campo E (July 2004). "Enigmatic Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease: a comprehensive review". Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 122 (1): 141–52.
31. NUTMAN, T.B. 2001. Lymphatic filariasis: new insights and prospects for control. Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis. 14: 539–546.
32. Chakraborty, Sanjukta; Gurusamy, Manokaran; Zawieja, David C.; Muthuchamy, Mariappan (July 2013). "Lymphatic filariasis: Perspectives on lymphatic remodeling and contractile dysfunction in filarial disease pathogenesis". Microcirculation. 20 (5): 349–364
33. CRAVEN, R.B. & A.M. BARNES. 1991. Plague and tularemia. Infect. Dis. Clin. North. Am. 5: 165–175.
34. HILLIARD, R.I., J.B. MCKENDRY & M.J. PHILLIPS. 1990. Congenital abnormalities of the lymphatic system: a newclinical classification. Pediatrics 86: 988–994.
35. VARDY, P.A., E. LEBENTHAL & H. SHWACHMAN. 1975.Intestinal lymphagiectasia: a reappraisal. Pediatrics 55:842–851.
36. YANG, D.M. & D.H. JUNG. 2003. Localized intestinal lymphangiectasia: CT findings. AJR Am. J. Roentgenol.180: 213–214.
37. Faul J.L., Berry G.J., Colby T.V., Ruoss S.J., Walter M.B, Rosen G.D., Raffin T.A. (2000). "Thoracic Lymphangiomas, Lymphangiectasis, Lymphangiomatosis, and Lymphatic Dysplasia Syndrome". Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 161 (3): 1037–1046.
38. Pernick, Nat. "Soft Tissue Tumors Part 3 Muscle, Vascular, Nerve, Other Lymphangiomatosis." PathologyOutlines.com. PathologyOutlines.com, Inc., 10/17/2009. Web. 6 Sep 2011.
39. Tazelaar HD, Kerr D, Yousem SA, Saldana MJ, Langston C, Colby TV (Dec 1993). "Diffuse pulmonary lymphangiomatosis". Hum Pathol. 24 (12): 1313–22.
40. Aviv RI, McHugh K, Hunt J. Angiomatosis of bone and soft tissue: a spectrum of disease from diffuse lymphangiomatosis to vanishing bone disease in young patients. Clin Radiol. 2001 Mar;56(3):184-90.