Authors : Sukubo, Idaeresoari Harriet; Ademiluyi Falilat Taiwo; Gobo, Akuro Ephraim; Iyama William Azuka

Volume/Issue : Volume 10 - 2025, Issue 10 - October

Google Scholar : https://tinyurl.com/2r6kzx24

Scribd : https://tinyurl.com/4fb8rn8u

DOI : https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/25oct1273

Note : A published paper may take 4-5 working days from the publication date to appear in PlumX Metrics, Semantic Scholar, and ResearchGate.

Note : Google Scholar may take 30 to 40 days to display the article.

Abstract : The study examined the comparative analysis of “Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy” (FTIR) in local activated carbons for suitability in the treatment of Kula Water, Akuku Toru LGA, Rivers State, Nigeria. The locally produced Bamboo, Coconut Shell and Palm Kernel were pyrolysed, activated and sized. FTIR was used to identify the presence of functional groups by detecting the characteristics vibrations of molecular bonds in each of the activated carbons. Descriptive statistics were employed for data analysis. Findings showed that the FTIR spectra of the foreign and bamboo activated carbons; coconut shell activated carbons and palm kernel activated carbons exhibited certain and common functional groups. Findings showed that both FAC and BAC exhibited common functional groups such as hydroxyl, alkanes, and aromatic rings. However, the FAC displays a strong carbonyl peak, indicating the presence of carboxylic acids, ketones, or aldehydes while BAC exhibits unique peaks at 800 cm−1 and 500 cm−1, characteristics of C-C stretching in aromatic rings. FAC and CSAC exhibited common functional groups such as hydroxyl (O-H stretching at ~3400 cm−1), alkanes (C-H stretching at ~2900 cm−1 and ~2850 cm−1), and aromatic rings. Similarly, both CSAC and FAC exhibit a range of similar functional groups, including a broad and strong peak around 3400 cm−1, indicating the presence of hydroxyl groups. The difference between FAC and CSAC is found in Carbonyl group. FAC displays a strong peak at 1711.61 cm−1, indicating the presence of carbonyl groups (C=O stretching) from functional groups such as carboxylic acids, ketones, or aldehydes, while CSAC showed a medium intensity peak in this region, PKSAC exhibits medium-intensity peaks at C-H bending and C-O stretching, which are consistent with FAC peaks. PKSAC exhibits a similar functional profile to FAC, indicating its suitability for water treatment. However, slight differences in peak intensities may affect their adsorption efficiency and specificity. The study recommended that additional research should be conducted to optimize the production process and explore other locally available biomass materials.

Keywords : Fourier, Activated Carbons, Suitability, Bamboo, Coconut, Palm Kernel.

References :

1. Ahmad, A. A., Hameed, B. H., & Aziz, N. (2007). Adsorption of direct dye on palm ash: Kinetic and equilibrium modeling. Journal of hazardous materials, 141(1), 70-76.
2. Ajibadem, I., Maduka, N. (2024). Geographical Disparities in Pyrolysis-Induced Porosity of Activated Carbon from Cocos nucifera in Nigeria: A Comparative Analysis Across Political Regions, UMYU Scientifica 3(3), 45-054.
3. Chowdhury, Z. Z., Zain, S. M., Khan, R. A., Rafique, R. F., & Khalid, K. (2012). Batch And Fixed Bed Adsorption Studies Of Lead (Ii) Cations From Aqueous Solutions Onto Granular Activated Carbon Derived From Mangostana Garcinia Shell. Bioresources, 7(3), 26-38.
4. Dittmann, D., Saal, L., Zietzschmann, F., Mai, M., Altamann, K., Al-Sabbagh, D., Schumann, P., Ruhl, A.S., Jekel, M. & Braun, U. (2022) Characterization of activated carbons for water treatment using TGA-FTIR for analysis of oxygen-containing functional groups. Applied Water Science, 12, 203 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-022-01723-2
5. Hegazi, H. A. (2013). Removal of heavy metals from wastewater using agricultural and industrial wastes as adsorbents. HBRC Journal, 9(3), 276-282.
6. King, L. J., Obiukwu, O. O., Nwaji G. N., Ekpechi D. A., Jerome, F. N., & Ubani M. U. (2024). Production and Characterization of Activated Carbon Derived from Costus Afer Leaves (C. afer) for the Adsorption of Methylene Blue Dye from an Aqueous Solution. Asian Journal of Current Research, 9(2), 232–250.
7. Kokuloku Jr, L. T., Miensah, E. D., Gu, A., Chen, K., Wang, P., Gong, C., Jiao, Y., Chen, K. & Yang, Y. (2023). Efficient and comparative adsorption of trinitrotoluene on MOF MIL-100 (Fe)-derived porous carbon/Fe composite adsorbents with rod-like morphology: Behavior, mechanism, and new perspectives. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 663, 131064. https//doi.10.1016/j.colsurfa.2023.131064.
8. Kokuloku Jr, L. T., Miensah, E. D., Gu, A., Chen, K., Wang, P., Gong, C., Jiao, Y., Chen, K., & Yang, Y. (2024). A comparative adsorption study of activated carbon and Fe-modified activated carbon for trinitrotoluene removal. Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers, 161, 105519. https//doi.10.1016/j.jtice.2024.105519.
9. Kuchampudi, S. V., Panchal, S., Naveen, S., Suresh, V., Satischkumar, P., Abdulrahman, I. S., Salman, H.M., Singh, P.S. & Padmapriva, S. (2024). Analysis of sustainable groundwater management policies for urban development. Environmental Quality Management, 33(4), 389-399.
10. Okparanma, R. N., & Ayotamuno, M. J. (2008). Predicting chromium (VI) adsorption rate in the treatment of liquid-phase oil-based drill cuttings. African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 2(4), 068-074.
11. Otero, X. L., & Macias, F. (2003). Spatial variation in pyritization of trace metals in salt-marsh soils. Biogeochemistry, 62(1), 59-86.
12. Shopova, N., Minkova, V., & Markova, K. (1997). Evaluation of the thermochemical changes in agricultural by-products and in the carbon adsorbents obtained from them. Journal of thermal analysis, 48(2), 309-320.
13. Tigrine, Z., Benhabiles, O., Merabti, L., Chekir, N., Mellal, M., Aoudj, S., & Drouiche, N. (2024). Sustainable activated carbon from agricultural waste: A study on adsorption efficiency for humic acid and methyl orange dyes. Sustainability, 16(21), 9308.
14. Yusuff, A. S., Popoola, L. T., Omitola, O. O., Adeodu, A. O., & Daniyan, I. A. (2013). Mathematical modelling of fixed bed adsorption column for liquid phase solute: effect of operating variables. International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, 4(8), 811-822.
15. Zuorro, A. & Lavecchia, R. (2010). Adsorption of Pb(II) on Spent Leaves of Green and Black Tea. American Journal of Applied Sciences, 7(2), 153-159. https://doi.org/10.3844/ajassp.2010.153.159