Authors :
May Josefa S. Buslig
Volume/Issue :
Volume 10 - 2025, Issue 12 - December
Google Scholar :
https://tinyurl.com/4d54awnn
Scribd :
https://tinyurl.com/2j2xck45
DOI :
https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/25dec1435
Note : A published paper may take 4-5 working days from the publication date to appear in PlumX Metrics, Semantic Scholar, and ResearchGate.
Abstract :
This study examined the level of management and implementation of sports programs and their relationship to sports
performance among State Universities and Colleges (SUCs) in the Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR). Using a
descriptive-comparative - correlational design, data were gathered from 141 coaches through convenience sampling during
Academic Year 2024–2025. A structured questionnaire measured program management across eight domains (program
planning and policy development; organizational structure and leadership; budgeting and financial management; facilities
and equipment management; athlete development and support; coaching and staff development; community and
stakeholder engagement; and evaluation and continuous improvement), program implementation across three domains
(program implementation and execution; monitoring and supervision; evaluation of implementation), and sports
performance indicators. Data were analyzed using frequency and percentage, weighted mean and standard deviation, one-
way ANOVA with Tukey’s HSD, and Pearson product–moment correlation. Results indicated that the overall level of sports
program management was rated “High” (overall mean = 3.06), with Organizational Structure and Leadership as the highest
domain (mean = 3.31) and Budgeting and Financial Management as the lowest (mean = 2.89). Program implementation was
rated “High” (overall weighted mean = 3.25), with Monitoring and Supervision as the lowest implementation domain
(weighted mean = 3.20). Sports performance was rated Very Satisfactory (composite mean = 3.00), characterized by stronger
outcomes at local and regional levels and weaker outcomes at higher levels, particularly international performance
(weighted mean = 2.31). Significant group differences were observed primarily across competition exposure and coach
training, while years of coaching experience and accreditation showed limited or no consistent differences across key
measures. Correlation analysis revealed strong, significant positive relationships between overall sports program
management and sports performance (r = .778, p < .05) and between overall sports program implementation and sports
performance (r = .772, p < .05). The findings support a regionally coordinated, evidence-based program focusing on
strengthened budgeting systems, standardized monitoring and supervision, and a targeted high-performance pathway to
improve national and international competitiveness. Limitations include the use of convenience sampling, reliance on coach
perceptions, and the cross-sectional design, which constrain generalizability and causal inference.
Keywords :
Sports Development Programs; Program Management and Implementation, Sports Performance Outcomes, Coach Training and Accreditation, Athlete Development and Support, Higher Education Sports Programs.
References :
- Almazan, C. (2023). The Status of the Sports Development Program of a State University in Region 1. The Vector: International Journal of Emerging Science, Technology and Management Vol. 32. Issue 1. https://doi.org/10.69566/ijestm.v32i1.304
- Athletics Weekly. (2023). The Effect of Sports on Students’ Academic Performance - AW. https://athleticsweekly.com/aw-promotion/the-effect-of-sports-on-students-academic-performance-1039966110/
- Bhandari, P. (2022). An introduction to correlational research. Scribbr. https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/correlational-research/#:%7E:tcxt=A%20correlational%20research%20design%20investigates,be%20either%20positive%20or%negative.
- Bruce, L., Benson, A. C., Shorter, K. A., Girginov, V., & Sherry, E. (2023). Theorising sport development – V 1. In Routledge resources online: Sport. Routledge.
- Burns, A., Collins, D., & Nolte, L. (2024). Coaches’ experiences of performance support teams. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 19(3), 965–977. https://doi.org/10.1177/17479541241228814
- Capinpin, R. L., & Estrella, E. O. (2022). Meta-analysis on the attainment of coaches on the sports development program for players of athletics. Turkish Online Journal of Qualitative Inquiry, 13(1), 493–517.
- CHED-Memorandum Order No.8, s. 2022. Retrieved from https://ched.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/CHED-Memorandum-Order-CMO-No.-8-series-of-2022-Guidelines-on-the-Tertiary-Sports-Development-Program.pdf?fbclid=IwY2xjawJWLvBleHRuA2FlbQIxMAABHdgU6bC8wT_jqZCGBAM179A9tkTwQXmxzSFUfr08DK0K5oEu87RuahcdeQ_aem_1sJOf0OIyj7Gr7QhBV-TsQ&appgw_azwaf_jsc=QB56vGzkxEQRRAFSk0B9My1X8MPW3pDmT3093t6NdOQ
- Cioca, I. and Gifford, J. (2022). Performance feedback: an evidence review. Practice summary and recommendations. London: Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development.
- Cipriano, C. V., Depoyart, J. C., Hermoso, K. E., Tenerbroso, L. M., Chao, D., & Jinyu, H. (2024). Sustainable sports leadership and management for schools: A research on the implementation of sports development program. International Multidisciplinary Journal of Research for Innovation, Sustainability, and Excellence (IMJRISE), 1(2).
- Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2022). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (6th ed.). SAGE Publications.
- Cristobal, H. D. B. (2024). Striving for excellence: Teacher competencies and sport experiences as keys to achieving eligibility in sport designation. International Journal of Physical Education, Sports and Health, 11(6), 325–334. https://doi.org/10.22271/kheljournal.2024.v11.i6e.3610
- Cruz, W., & Kwon, Y. (2020). Coaching styles in Philippine collegiate sports. Asian Journal of Sports Science, 4(1), 22–34
- Davis, L., Jowett, S., Sörman, D., & Ekelund, R. (2022). The role of quality relationships and communication strategies for the fulfilment of secure and insecure athletes’ basic psychological needs. Journal of Sports Sciences, 40(21), 2424–2436. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2022.2162240
- Defensor, M. C. (2021). A retrospective evaluation of interscholastic athletic program of a state university in the Philippines. Psychology and Education, 58(4), 1684–1689.
- Donnelly S, Penny K, Kynn M. The effectiveness of physical activity interventions in improving higher education students' mental health: A systematic review. Health Promot Int. 2024 Apr 1;39(2):daae027. doi: 10.1093/heapro/daae027. PMID: 38563387; PMCID: PMC10985680.
- Dunn, E. L., Lawrence, G. P., Gottwald, V. M., Hardy, J., Holliss, B., Oliver, S. J., … Woodman, T. (2025). Thirty years of longitudinal talent development research: a systematic review and meta-aggregation. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 18(2), 974–1001. https://doi.org/10.1080/1750984X.2024.2309623
- Evangelista, L. (2020). Evaluation practices in university sports programs. Journal of Physical Education and Sports Management, 7(1), 40–52.
- Genovard, F., Muñoz, J., Petchamé, J., & Solanellas, F. (2025). Risk management approaches in sports organisations: A scoping review. Heliyon, 11(3), e42270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2025.e42270
- Hanson, A., & Peachey, J. W. (2022). Athletic fundraising: An in-depth analysis of the challenges faced and strategies utilized in the NCAA Division II athletic landscape. Journal of Intercollegiate Sport, 15(1). https://doi.org/10.17161/jis.v15i1.15609
- Hendricks S. Rethinking innovation and the role of stakeholder engagement in sport and exercise medicine. BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine. 2021;7:e001009. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2020-001009
- Knight Commission on Intercollegiate Athletics. (2025). Finances of college sports. https://www.knightcommission.org/finances-college-sports/
- Lacaba, A., & Lacaba, T. V. (2020). Coaches' profiles and the adequacy of sports equipment and facilities Vis-à-vis athletic performance in the ESSU–Guiuan: Input to policy program. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3665175.
- Leeder, T. M., & Sawiuk, R. (2021). Reviewing the sports coach mentoring literature: a look back to take a step forward. Sports Coaching Review, 10(2), 129–152. https://doi.org/10.1080/21640629.2020.1804170
- Liu, R., Wang, S., & Li, J. (2025). How coach leadership behavior influences athletes’ performance: The chain-mediated role of the coach-athlete relationship and psychological fatigue. Frontiers in Psychology, 15, 1500867. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1500867
- Llona, R. (2021). Sports Development Programs of Sorsogon City. International Journal of Science and Research. Vol. 10 Issue 10. DOI: 10.21275/SR211013104706
- Lomibao, J. G. (2024). Sports coaching management in Pangasinan State University. International Journal of Novel Research and Development, 9(9), 462–468.
- MacNamara, Á., [et al.]. (2025). Long-term athlete development in schools: A systematic review and narrative synthesis. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, 7, 1706060.
- Manalo, A., & Dela Cruz, R. (2000). Factors affecting the performance of varsity players of the Technological Institute of the Philippines – Manila. TIP Research Journal Manila Web.
- Magnusen, M. J., & Marsh, J. P. (2023). The collegiate sport experience: Reconceptualizing sport venues and college athlete satisfaction. Journal of Amateur Sport, 9(1). https://www.jamsport.org
- McGuigan, H., Hӓssmen, P., Rošić, N., & Stevens, C. J. (2020). Training monitoring methods used in the field by coaches and practitioners: A systematic review. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 15(3), 439–451.
- McLean, S., et al. (2025). Enhancing student experience and career knowledge through alumni engagement. Journal of Hospitality, Leisure, Sport & Tourism Education, 36, 100487.
- Nikolopoulou. K. (2022). What is convenience sampling? Definition & examples. Retrieved from https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/convenience-sampling/
- Official Gazette. Presidential Decree No. 604, s. 1974. Retrieved March 25, 2024, from https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1974/12/10/presidential-decree-no-604-s-1974/
- Olimpo, H. V. (2021). Sports development program of Urdaneta City University. International Journal of Advanced Multidisciplinary Studies, 1(October Issue), 57–66
- Paghubasan, M. D. (2023). Sport’s program implementation among state universities and colleges as input for a proposed sports development manual. In W. P. Saroinsong, M. N. Ashar, I. Y. Maureen, L. P. Hartanti, M. Anggaryani, & A. G. Titaley (Eds.), *Reimagining innovation in education and social sciences* (pp. 48–58). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003366683-6
- Paghubasan, M. D. (2022). Development of a sports performance metric for the state universities and colleges in the Philippines. International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences, 10(2), 343–350.
- Pamittan, C. P., Adriano, K., & Caronan, M. J. (2025). Sports coaches’ leadership behaviors in a collegiate environment. Asia-Pacific Journal of Advanced Research and Innovation, 1(1).
- Qi, Y., Sajadi, S. M., Baghaei, S., Rezaei, R., & Li, W. (2024). Digital technologies in sports: Opportunities, challenges, and strategies for safeguarding athlete wellbeing and competitive integrity in the digital era. Technology in Society, 77, Article 102496. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2024.102496
- Salino, M. P. M., Malabarbas, G. T., & Acoba, E. M. (2022). Assessing the sports program and performance of athletes in selected public high schools. American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Innovation, 1(3). https://doi.org/10.54536/ajmri.v1i3.405
- Santiago, A. (2023). Predictors of the Performance of Athletes in State College and Universities. European Journal of Physical Education and Sports Science. Vol. 9 Isuue 6. DOI: 10.46827/ejpe.v9i6.4837.
- Shanmugratnam, A., McLaren, C. D., Schertzinger, M., & Bruner, M. W. (2024). Exploring the relationship between coach-initiated motivational climate and athlete well-being, resilience, and psychological safety in competitive sport teams. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching. https://doi.org/10.1177/17479541241278602
- Schintler, M., Kronberger, B., Bazzanella, F., & Wenger, S. (2020). Analyzing project management methods in organizing sports events. SAGE Open, 10(4). https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244020977040
- Sotiriadou, P., et al. (2025). Governance and planning for resilient mega-sport events: Lessons learnt from the FIFA World Cup Qatar 2022. Sport Management Review.
- Supreme Court E-Library. Executive Order No. 64, s. 1993. Adopting The National Policy And Program Of "Sports For All" By All Concerned Government Agencies. Retrieved by https://elibrary.judiciary.gov.ph/thebookshelf/showdocs/5/77712
- Supreme Court E-Library. Republic Act no. 5708. Retrieved from https://elibrary.judiciary.gov.ph/thebookshelf/showdocs/2/7676#:~:text=AN%20ACT%20PROVIDING%20FOR%20THE%20PROMOTION%20AND,PROGRAM%20FOR%20THE%20SCHOOLS%20IN%20THE%20PHILIPPINES:&text=A%20well%2Drounded%20physical%20education%20program%20must%20be,are%20psychologically%20inclined%20and%20physically%20gifted;%20and.
- Swinney, D., Corr, C., Stokowski, S., & Godfrey, M. (2025). Athletic ability, performance, and character: A hierarchical examination of prospective college athlete evaluation and the function of recruiting as institutional work. Journal of Intercollegiate Sport, 18(1). https://doi.org/10.17161/jis.v18i1.21731
- Taherdoost, H. (2022). What are different research approaches? Comprehensive review of qualitative, quantitative, and mixed method research, their applications, types, and limitations. Journal of Management Science & Engineering Research, 5(1), 53–63.
- The Lawphil Project. 1987 Constitution Of The Republic Of The Philippines. Retrieved from https://lawphil.net/consti/cons1987.html
- The Lawphil Project. Presidential Decree No. 604. Integrating nationwide youth development, physical fitness and amateur sports development programs and creating for this purpose the department of youth and sports development, and for other purposes. Retrieved from https://lawphil.net/statutes/presdecs/pd1974/pd_604_1974.html
- Thompson, A., Lachance, E. L., Parent, M. M., & Hoye, R. (2022). A systematic review of governance principles in sport. European Sport Management Quarterly, 23(6), 1863–1888. https://doi.org/10.1080/16184742.2022.2077795
- Timmerman, W. P., Abbiss, C. R., Lawler, N. G., Stanley, D., & Raynor, A. J. (2024). Athlete monitoring perspectives of sports coaches and support staff: A scoping review. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching. https://doi.org/10.1177/17479541241247131
- Tongson, M., & Dela Rosa, J. (2020). The Implementation of the Rationalization Program in Selected Schools Division Offices in Ilocos Sur.The Vector: International Journal of Emerging Science, Technology and Management (IJESTM),29(1). Retrieved from https://vector.unp.edu.ph/index.php/1/article/view/58
- Torres-Ronda, L., Beanland, E., Whitehead, S. et al. Tracking Systems in Team Sports: A Narrative Review of Applications of the Data and Sport Specific Analysis. Sports Med - Open 8, 15 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-022-00408-z
- Trewin, J., et al. (2024). Performance pathways in elite middle- and long-distance track and field: Youth-to-senior transition and likelihood of success. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport.
- Tuliao, R. D., & Carag, E. (2020). Factors affecting elite sports development in the Philippines: A Delphi study [Thesis]. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.19125.09441
- UK Coaching. (n.d.). The pyramid model for sports development.
- University of Iowa Department of Intercollegiate Athletics. (2020). Athletics strategic plan 2020–2025. https://storage.googleapis.com/hawkeyesports-com/2024/09/186d73a6-athletics-strategic-plan-2020-to-20254.pdf
This study examined the level of management and implementation of sports programs and their relationship to sports
performance among State Universities and Colleges (SUCs) in the Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR). Using a
descriptive-comparative - correlational design, data were gathered from 141 coaches through convenience sampling during
Academic Year 2024–2025. A structured questionnaire measured program management across eight domains (program
planning and policy development; organizational structure and leadership; budgeting and financial management; facilities
and equipment management; athlete development and support; coaching and staff development; community and
stakeholder engagement; and evaluation and continuous improvement), program implementation across three domains
(program implementation and execution; monitoring and supervision; evaluation of implementation), and sports
performance indicators. Data were analyzed using frequency and percentage, weighted mean and standard deviation, one-
way ANOVA with Tukey’s HSD, and Pearson product–moment correlation. Results indicated that the overall level of sports
program management was rated “High” (overall mean = 3.06), with Organizational Structure and Leadership as the highest
domain (mean = 3.31) and Budgeting and Financial Management as the lowest (mean = 2.89). Program implementation was
rated “High” (overall weighted mean = 3.25), with Monitoring and Supervision as the lowest implementation domain
(weighted mean = 3.20). Sports performance was rated Very Satisfactory (composite mean = 3.00), characterized by stronger
outcomes at local and regional levels and weaker outcomes at higher levels, particularly international performance
(weighted mean = 2.31). Significant group differences were observed primarily across competition exposure and coach
training, while years of coaching experience and accreditation showed limited or no consistent differences across key
measures. Correlation analysis revealed strong, significant positive relationships between overall sports program
management and sports performance (r = .778, p < .05) and between overall sports program implementation and sports
performance (r = .772, p < .05). The findings support a regionally coordinated, evidence-based program focusing on
strengthened budgeting systems, standardized monitoring and supervision, and a targeted high-performance pathway to
improve national and international competitiveness. Limitations include the use of convenience sampling, reliance on coach
perceptions, and the cross-sectional design, which constrain generalizability and causal inference.
Keywords :
Sports Development Programs; Program Management and Implementation, Sports Performance Outcomes, Coach Training and Accreditation, Athlete Development and Support, Higher Education Sports Programs.