Authors : Emanuel Abdul Cadre Americo Da Conceicao Laca

Volume/Issue : Volume 11 - 2026, Issue 3 - March

Google Scholar : https://tinyurl.com/4pvvt3w9

Scribd : https://tinyurl.com/2fk9r97s

DOI : https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/26mar232

Note : A published paper may take 4-5 working days from the publication date to appear in PlumX Metrics, Semantic Scholar, and ResearchGate.

Abstract : Background: Globally High- and Low-income countries are suffering from double burden of diseases i.e. both communicable and non-communicable diseases. Currently, Global health is affected epidemiological landscape. This research compares the risk factor profiles for communicable diseases (CDs) and non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in Mozambique and China, representing two distinct stages of epidemiological transition. The causes behind these epidemiological transitions are different but risk factors plays vital role for its occurrence.  Methods: A comparative descriptive analysis was conducted by using health surveillance data, national health surveys and WHO Global Health Estimates data of 2024–2026. The study focused on environmental, behavioral, and metabolic risk factors across both nations.  Objective: This comparative analysis aims to examine the burden, risk factors, and healthcare systems for NCDs in Mozambique and China, highlighting similarities and differences. Methods: A comprehensive review of existing literature and data on NCDs in Mozambique and China was conducted. The analysis focused on the prevalence, incidence, and mortality rates of NCDs, risk factors, healthcare systems, and response to NCDs.  Results: The findings reveal a stark contrast in disease drivers. In Mozambique, a "double burden" persists; CDs (Malaria, Cholera, and HIV/AIDS) remain critical due to environmental vulnerabilities, poor WASH (Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene). Concurrently, urban NCD clusters are emerging, driven by rapid urbanization. In China, the transition is nearly complete, with NCDs accounting for over 90% of mortality. Primary risk factors include an aging population, high sodium intake, and physical inactivity, which fuel a high prevalence of hypertension and Type 2 diabetes. Make comparison with fact data like in percentage between two countries, like percentage of contribution of salt to raise hypertension.  Conclusion: The study concludes that Mozambique requires a diagonal health strategy addressing infectious diseases outbreaks while building primary care capacity for NCDs. For China, the priority is preventive policy reform to address the social determinants of physical inactivity and salt consumption. The findings suggest that the "double burden" in Mozambique may soon become more economically taxing than the NCD burden in China due to the lack of specialized infrastructure.

Keywords : Comparative Study, Risk Factors, Communicable Non-Communicable, Diseases in Mozambique and China.

References :

1. (Omran, 1971) and the World Health Organization (WHO) Stepwise Approach to Surveillance (STEPS Organization (WHO). (2019). World Health Statistics 2019: Monitoring health for the SDGs. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2020). Communicable Diseases. World Health Organization (WHO). (2018). Noncommunicable diseases.
2. United Nations. (2019). Sustainable Development Goals. World Health Organization (WHO). (2017). Global Action Plan for Healthy Lives and Well-being for All. National.
3. Institutes of Health (NIH). (2020). Communicable Diseases. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC). (2020). Communicable disease surveillance. World Health Organization (WHO). (2019).
4. Noncommunicable diseases country profiles. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). (2019).
5. Cancer. Global Burden of Disease Study. (2019). GBD Beaglehole, R., et al. (2004).
6. The World Health Report 2004: Changing History. World Health Organization. Cummings, S. R., et al. (2010). The burden of chronic diseases: A global perspective.
7. Journal of the American Medical Association, 304(14), 1566-1574.Glaser, B. S., et al. (2019). Global health: A critical approach.
8. Rutledge. Levin, R. B., et al. (2019). The Global Burden of Disease: A critical review. [9]. Journal of Global Health, 9(2), 020305.Maj, M., et al. (2018). The WHO's Global Action Plan for Healthy Lives and Well-being for All.
9. The Lancet, 391(10126), 1124-1133.Murray, C. J. L., et al. (2019). Global, regional, and national burden of disease: A systematic analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019.
10. The Lancet, 393(10186), 1923-1934.Park, K. (2018). Park's Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine. Bhanu Publications. Roth, S. C., et al. (2019). Global health security: A critical review. Journal of Global Health, 9(2), 020304.Saxena, S., et al. (2018).
11. Non-communicable diseases in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review. International Journal of Chronic Diseases, 2018, 1-13. World Health Organization (WHO). (2019). World Health Report 2019: Healthier populations for a healthier world. Journals The Lancet Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA)New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM)Global Health Action International Journal of Epidemiology Bulletin of the
12. World Health Organization Journal of Global Health PLOS Medicine BMJ Global Health The American Journal of Public Health Websites World Health Organization (WHO): www.who.int Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
13. www.cdc.gov United Nations: www.un.org Global Burden of Disease Study: www.globalburden.org International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC): www.iarc.f.