Authors : Rida Muskaan

Volume/Issue : Volume 10 - 2025, Issue 7 - July

Google Scholar : https://tinyurl.com/y7ts3cyz

Scribd : https://tinyurl.com/2s3yn9kw

DOI : https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/25jul851

Note : A published paper may take 4-5 working days from the publication date to appear in PlumX Metrics, Semantic Scholar, and ResearchGate.

Note : Google Scholar may take 30 to 40 days to display the article.

Abstract : When cancerous cells grow inside the liver's tissues, this is called primary liver cancer. Primary liver cancer is different from metastatic cancer, which starts in another part of the body and spreads to the liver. The liver is one of the body's largest organs. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) can be caused by liver cirrhosis, infections with hepatitis B and C viruses, excessive alcohol consumption, exposure to aflatoxin B1, and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Hepatocellular carcinoma is the fifth most common cancer worldwide and the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths. Chronic infections with hepatitis B and C viruses are the primary causes of hepatocellular cancer. About 90% of hepatocellular carcinoma cases occur after chronic liver disease. Cirrhosis of any cause is the main risk factor for HCC. In Asia and Africa, hepatitis B virus infection accounts for 60% of hepatocellular carcinoma cases, while in the West, it accounts for only 20%. Long-term heavy alcohol use can lead to hepatocellular cancer, cirrhosis, and alcoholic liver disease. Genome sequencing studies have identified several genes linked to hepatocellular carcinoma, although most genetic pathways involved are still unknown. There are three main surgical options for HCC: liver transplantation, tumor removal surgery, and tumor removal followed by additional therapy. Sorafenib is a multi-kinase inhibitor that blocks Raf-1 and other tyrosine kinases, which are essential for cell growth, differentiation, and survival. It is the first drug approved for systemic therapy and is the primary treatment for patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma who have preserved liver function and are not candidates for transplant or surgery.

Keywords : Hepatocellular Carcinoma, Liver Neoplasm, Hepatitis D Virus, Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis, and Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results.

References :

1. Svinka, J., Mikulits, W., & Eferl, R. (2014). STAT3 in hepatocellular carcinoma: new perspectives. Hepatic Oncology, 1(1), 107–120.
2. Dong, Y., & Wang, A. (2014). Aberrant DNA methylation in hepatocellular carcinoma tumor suppression (Review). Oncology Letters, 8(3), 963–968.
3. Arias-Flórez, J. S., Martínez-Delgado, A. M., Alarcón-Tarazona, M. L., Insuasty-Enriquez, J. S., & Díaz-Martínez, L. A. (2018). Conventional serum tumor markers in liver cancer. Rev Med Chil, 146(12), 1422–1428.
4. Sayiner, M., Golabi, P., & Younossi, Z. M. (2019). Disease burden of hepatocellular carcinoma: A global perspective. Digestive Diseases and Sciences, 64(4), 910–917.
5. Milosevic, I., Vujovic, A., Barac, A., Djelic, M., Korac, M., Radovanovic Spurnic, A., Gmizic, I., Stevanovic, O., Djordjevic, V., Lekic, N., Russo, E., & Amedei, A. (2019). Gut-liver axis, gut Microbiota, and its modulation in the management of liver diseases: A review of the literature. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 20(2), 395.
6. Shen, F., Zheng, R.-D., Sun, X.-Q., Ding, W.-J., Wang, X.-Y., & Fan, J.-G. (2017). Gut microbiota dysbiosis in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Diseases International: HBPD INT, 16(4), 375–381.
7. Puustinen, L., Barner-Rasmussen, N., Pukkala, E., & Färkkilä, M. (2019b). Incidence, prevalence, and causes of death of patients with autoimmune hepatitis: A nationwide register-based cohort study in Finland. Digestive and Liver Disease: Official Journal of the Italian Society of Gastroenterology and the Italian Association for the Study of the Liver, 51(9), 1294–1299.
8. Mittal, S., & El-Serag, H. B. (2013). Epidemiology of hepatocellular carcinoma:consider the population. J Clin Gastroenterol, 47, 2–6.
9. Groopman, J. D., Smith, J. W., Rivera-Andrade, A., Alvarez, C. S., Kroker-Lobos, M. F., & Egner, P. A. (2021). Aflatoxin and the aetiology of liver cancer and its implications for Guatemala. World Mycotoxin Journal, 14(3), 305–317.
10. Russell, S. J., Bell, J. C., Engeland, C. E., & McFadden, G. (2022). Advances in oncolytic virotherapy. Communications Medicine, 2(1), 33.
11. Jindal, A., Thadi, A., & Shailubhai, K. (2019). Hepatocellular carcinoma: Etiology and current and future drugs. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hepatology, 9(2), 221–232.
12. Petrick, J. L., & McGlynn, K. A. (2019). The changing epidemiology of primary liver cancer. Current Epidemiology Reports, 6(2), 104–111.
13. Gogna, S., & Goyal, P. (2018). Recent strategies and paradigm shift in management of hepatic metastasis from colorectal cancer. Indian Journal of Surgical Oncology, 9(4), 456–460.
14. Labadie, K. P., Schaub, S. K., Khorsand, D., Johnson, G., Apisarnthanarax, S., & Park, J. O. (2019). Multidisciplinary approach for multifocal, bilobar hepatocellular carcinoma: A case report and literature review. World Journal of Hepatology, 11(1), 119–126.
15. Haruyama, Y., Yorita, K., Yamaguchi, T., Kitajima, S., Amano, J., Ohtomo, T., Ohno, A., Kondo, K., & Kataoka, H. (2015). High preoperative levels of serum glypican-3 containing N-terminal subunit are associated with poor prognosis in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma after partial hepatectomy: High preoperative levels of serum glypican-3. International Journal of Cancer. Journal International Du Cancer, 137(7), 1643–1651.
16. Anwar, S. L., & Lehmann, U. (2015). MicroRNAs:Emerging novel clinical biomarkers for hepatocellular carcinomas. J Clin Med, 4, 1631–1650.
17. Dargel, C., Bassani-Sternberg, M., Hasreiter, J., Zani, F., Bockmann, J.-H., Thiele, F., Bohne, F., Wisskirchen, K., Wilde, S., Sprinzl, M. F., Schendel, D. J., Krackhardt, A. M., Uckert, W., Wohlleber, D., Schiemann, M., Stemmer, K., Heikenwälder, M., Busch, D. H., Richter, G., … Protzer, U. (2015). T cells engineered to express a T-cell receptor specific for glypican-3 to recognize and kill hepatoma cells in vitro and in mice. Gastroenterology, 149(4), 1042–1052.
18. Zucman-Rossi, J., Villanueva, A., Nault, J.-C., & Llovet, J. M. (2015). Genetic landscape and biomarkers of hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology, 149(5), 1226-1239.e4.
19. Yang, J. D., & Roberts, L. R. (2010). Hepatocellular carcinoma:A global view. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol, 7, 448–458.
20. Rahimi, R. S., & Trotter, J. F. (2015). Liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma:outcomes and treatment options for recurrence. Ann Gastroenterol, 28, 323–330.