Authors : Princess Mmokele

Volume/Issue : Volume 9 - 2024, Issue 10 - October

Google Scholar : https://tinyurl.com/2eh355er

Scribd : https://tinyurl.com/yzxrbkc3

DOI : https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/IJISRT24OCT1121

Note : A published paper may take 4-5 working days from the publication date to appear in PlumX Metrics, Semantic Scholar, and ResearchGate.

Abstract : The Decent Work Agenda (DWA) in Botswana provides a comprehensive framework designed to promote fair labour practices, enhance worker rights, and foster sustainable economic growth. This article analyses the progress achieved in executing the decent work agenda, focusing on enhancements in labour standards, gender equality and inclusion, and capacity building and training. Furthermore, it illustrates the ongoing challenges that delay progress, including elevated unemployment rates, informal employment, and migration and labour rights. The analysis utilises multiple policy recommendations, highlighting the necessity of reinforcing labour rights and protections, advancing skills development, and improving stakeholder involvement in policy formulation. Addressing these challenges and leveraging existing successes will enable Botswana to develop a more inclusive labour market that adheres to the principles of decent work, thereby enhancing the nation's long-term economic sustainability and social equity. The findings highlight the significance of a collaborative approach among government, civil society, and the private sector to effectively implement the decent work agenda, ensuring it yields measurable benefits for all workers in Botswana.

References :

1. Alwago, W. O. (2023). A Partial Least Squares Analysis of Gender Inequality, Occupational Segregation, and Economic Growth: Evidence from Sub‐Saharan Africa. Regional Science Policy and Practice, 6(15), 1299-1317. https://doi.org/10.1111/rsp3.12677
2. Badimo, D., & Yuhuan, Z. (2023). The Relationship Between Inbound Tourism and Economic Growth: Case Study of Botswana. Natural Resources Forum, 1(48), 16-34. https://doi.org/10.1111/1477-8947.12290
3. Bauer, G. (2011). Update on the Women's Movement in Botswana: Have Women Stopped Talking? African Studies Review, 54(2), 23-46. https://doi.org/10.1353/arw.2011.0040
4. Besada, H., & O'Bright, B. (2019). Policy Impacts on Africa's Extractive Sector: Botswana, Diamond Dependence, and Diversification in the Post-Diamond Period. Revue Gouvernance, 2(15), 86-105. https://doi.org/10.7202/1058089ar
5. Bunting, E., Steele, J., Keys, E., Muyengwa, S., Child, B., & Southworth, J. (2013). Local Perception of Risk to Livelihoods in the Semi-Arid Landscape of Southern Africa. Land, 2(2), 225-251. https://doi.org/10.3390/land2020225
6. Burchell, B., Sehnbruch, K., Piasna, A., & Agloni, N. (2013). The Quality of Employment and Decent Work: Definitions, Methodologies, and Ongoing Debates. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 2(38), 459-477. https://doi.org/10.1093/cje/bet067
7. Campbell, E. K., & Crush, J. (2015). 'They don't want Foreigners': Zimbabwean Migration and the rise of Xenophobia in Botswana. Crossings Journal of Migration and Culture, 2(6), 159-180. https://doi.org/10.1386/cjmc.6.2.159_1
8. Cieslik, K., Banya, R., & Vira, B. (2022). Offline Contexts of Online Jobs: Platform Drivers, Decent Work, and Informality in Lagos Nigeria. Development Policy Review, 4(40). https://doi.org/10.1111/dpr.12595
9. Conteh, C. (2010). The Challenges of Economic Development Policy Governance in Developing Countries: The Case of Botswana. Canadian Journal of Development Studies, 31(3-4), 401-416. https://doi.org/10.1080/02255189.2010.3673727
10. European Commission. (n.d.). Employment and decent work - European Commission. International Partnerships. Retrieved October 15, 2024, from https://international-partnerships.ec.europa.eu/policies/sustainable-growth-and-jobs/employment-and-decent-work_en
11. Fabio, A. e., & Maree, J. G. (2016). Using a Transdisciplinary Interpretive Lens to Broaden Reflections on Alleviating Poverty and Promoting Decent Work. Frontiers in Psychology, 7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00503
12. Ferraro, T., Pais, L., Santos, N. R. d., & Moreira, J. M. (2018). The Decent Work Questionnaire: Development and Validation in the Samples of Knowledge Workers. International Labour Review, 2(157), 243-265. https://doi.org/10.1111/ilr.12039
13. Frey, D. F., & MacNaughton, G. (2016). A Human Rights Lens on Full Employment and Decent Work in the 2030 Sustainability Development Agenda. Sage, 2(6). https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244016649580
14. Ghai, D. (2003). Decent Work: Concepts and Indicators. International Labour Review, 142(2).
15. Gonese, D., Sibanda, K., & Ngonisa, P. (2023). Trade Openness and Unemployment in Selected Southern African Development Community (SADC) Countries. Economies, 10(11:252). https://doi.org/10.3390/economies11100252
16. Graham, M., Hjorth, I., & Lehdonvirta, V. (2017). Digital Labour and Development: Impacts of Global Digital Labour Platforms and the Gig Economy on Worker Livelihoods. European Review of Labour and Research, 2(23), 135-162. https://doi.org/10.1177/1024258916687250
17. Gupta, C. A. (2014). Spatial Scaling of Protected Area Influences on Human Demography and Livelihoods in Botswana. Environmental Conservation, 1(42), 51-60. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0376892914000095
18. Hamaluba, T. (n.d.). Advancing Vocationalisation of Open Schooling in Botswana: Addressing Critical Skills Gaps and Alleviating Unemployment. Education, Society and Human Studies, 3(4:p1). https://doi.org/10.22158/eshs.v4n3p1
19. Hauf, F. (2015). The Paradoxes of Decent Work in Context: A Cultural Political Economy Perspective. Global Labour Journal, 2(6). https://doi.org/10.15173/glj.v6i2.2327
20. Htun, M., & Weldon, L. S. (2010). When do Governments Promote Women's Rights? A Framework for the Comparative Analysis of Sex Equality Policy. Perspectives on Politics, 1(8), 207-216. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1537592709992787
21. IFPRI. (2017). Stuck in the Middle? Structural Change and Productivity Growth in Botswana. https://doi.org/10.2499/9780896292147_ch3
22. ILO. (n.d.). Decent work. International Labour Organization. Retrieved October 9, 2024, from https://www.ilo.org/topics/decent-work
23. ILO. (n.d.). Decent Work Country Programmes. International Labour Organization. Retrieved October 15, 2024, from https://www.ilo.org/about-ilo/how-ilo-works/results-based-management/decent-work-country-programmes
24. ILO. (2020, February 18). Botswana Decent Work Country Programme. International Labour Organization. Retrieved October 15, 2024, from https://www.ilo.org/resource/article/botswana-decent-work-country-programme
25. Kalusopa, T., & Ngulube, P. (2012). Record Management Practices in Labour Organization in Botswana. South African Journal of Information Management, 1(14). https://doi.org/10.4102/sajim.v14i1.513
26. Karugaba, G., Thupayagale-Tshweneagae, G., Moleki, M., Mabikwa, O. V., & Matshaba, M. (2022). Determinants of Health-Related Quality of Life in Young Adults Living with Perinatally Acquired HIV Infection in Botswana. Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine, 1(23). https://doi.org/10.10/4102/sajhivmed.v23i1.1362
27. Machacha, M. G. (2023). Realising the Right to Dignity of Zimbabwean Migrant Women in Botswana: A Practical Approach. African Humanities Mobility Review, 9(3). https://doi.org/10.14426/ahmr.v9i3.1583
28. Magole, L. (2011). Revisiting Botswana's High-Value, Low-Volume Tourism. Tourism Analysis. https://doi.org/10.3727/108354211x13014081270486
29. Maji, S. G. (2019). Disclosure Pattern of Labour Practices and Decent Work and its Impacts on Corporate Financial Performance: Evidence from Asia. Global Business Review, 4(23), 1054-1070. https://doi.org/10.1177/0972150919876523
30. Malefane, M. R. (2022). Dynamic Estimation of a Traditional Import Demand Function for Botswana. Global Journal of Emerging Market Economies, 3(15), 436-448. https://doi.org/10.1177/09749101221104226
31. Manwa, H., & Manwa, F. (2014). Poverty Alleviation through Pro-Poor Tourism: The Role of Botswana Forest Reserves. Sustainability, 9(6), 5697-5713. https://doi.org/10.3390/su6095697
32. Matandare, M. A. (2018). Botswana's Unemployment Rate Trend by Gender: Relative Analysis with Upper Middle Income Southern African Countries (2000-2016). Dutch Journal of Finance and Management, 2(2). https://doi.org/10.20897/djfm/3837
33. Mațcu-Zaharia, M., Alexandra, L., Williams, C. C., & Nistor, G. C. (2024). Self-Employed Workers and the Achievement of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development: An Overview of their Social Benefit Entitlements Across 21 European Countries. Sustainability, 7(16:2625). https://doi.org/10.3390/su16072625
34. McMillan, M., & McCaig, B. (2019). Trade Liberalisation and Labour Market Adjustments in Botswana. National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w26326
35. Mlambo, V. H. (2018). Cross-Border Migration in the Southern African Development Community (SADC): Benefits, Problems and Future Prospects. Journal of Social and Development Sciences, 4(8), 42-56.
36. Modie-Moroka, T., & Tshimanga, M. (2010). Barriers To and Use of Health Care Services Among Cross-Border Migrants in Botswana: Implications for Public Health. International Journal of Migration Health and Social Care, 4(5), 33-42.
37. Muchuchuti, K. C., & Mahambo, C. (2020). Financial Management Challenges: A Case of Women Owned SMEs in Gaborone. Research Journal of Finance and Accounting. https://doi.org/10.7176/rjfa/11-14-14
38. Muth, D. (2021). What Destination Awaits the Development of Botswana. Hungarian Journal of African Studies, 15(3), 5-16. https://doi.org/10.15170/at.2021.15.3.1
39. Mutoko, W. K. (2015). The Role of Small, Micro- and Medium Enterprises in Employment Creation: The Case of the Manufacturing Sector in Botswana [Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Business and Finance].
40. Oats, R., & Gumbo, M. T. (2019). Insights on the Benefits and Challenges of the Development Program at Kgalagadi South Sub District of Botswana: Beneficiaries Experiences. Adult Education Quarterly, 2(69), 83-100. https://doi.org/10.1177/0741713619827647
41. Olabiyi, O. J. (2022). Decent Employment and Poverty Alleviation for Socio-Economic Development and its Implications for the Well-being of the Citizenry in Southern Africa. Applied Studies in Agribusiness and Commerce, 2(16). https://doi.org/10.19041/apstract/2022/2/10
42. Pheko, M. M., & Molefhe, K. (2016). Addressing Employability Challenges: A Framework for Improving the Employability of Graduates in Botswana. International Journal of Adolescence and Youth(, 4(22), 255-269. https://doi.org/10.1080/02673843.2016.1234401
43. Rajeswaran, L., & Ehlers, V. J. (2014). Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Knowledge and Skills of Registered Nurses in Botswana. Curationis, 1(37). https://doi.org/10.4102/curationis.v37i1.1259
44. Rantanen, J., Muchini, F., & Lehtinen, S. (2020). Decent Work, ILO's Response to the Globalisation of Working Life: Basic Concepts and Global Implementation with Special Reference to Occupational Health. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 10(17:3351).
45. Ruggiero, E. D., Cohen, J. E., & Donald, C. C. (n.d.). The Politics of Agenda Setting at the Global Level: Key Informant Interviews regarding the International Labour Organization Decent Work Agenda. Globalization and Health, 1(10:56).
46. Ruggiero, E. D., Cohen, J. E., & Donald, C. C. (2014). The Politics of Agenda Setting at the Global Level: Key Informant Interviews Regarding the International Labour Organization Decent Work Agenda. Globalization and Health, 1(10:56). https://doi.org/10.1186/1744-8603-10-56
47. Ruggiero, E. D., Cohen, J. E., & Donald, C. C. (2015). Competing Conceptualizations of Decent Work at the Intersection of Health, Social and Economic Discourses. Social Science and Medicine, 133, 120-127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.03.026
48. Rutus, M. (2016). The Rights of Migrant Workers: Economics, Politics and Ethics. International Labour Review, 2(155), 281-298.
49. Sechele, L. (2015). Capturing Agency and Voice in Research: A Critical Review of Studies of Youth Unemployment, Self-Employment and the Informal Sector in Botswana. Journal of Sociological Research, 1(6).
50. Shaikh, A. A. (2023). Decoding the Challenges of Promoting Decent Work in Rural and Urban Labour Markets. Pakistan Journal of International Affairs, 2(6). https://doi.org/10.52337/pjia.v6i2.779
51. Siphambe, H., & Tlhobogang, O. (2010). Earnings Differentials in Botswana's Labour Market: Private versus Public Sector. International Journal of Education Economics and Development, 3(1:215). https://doi.org/10.1504/ijeed.2010.032875
52. Statistics Botswana. (2024). Quartely Multi-Topic Survey Labour Force Module Quarter 1. Retrieved October, 2024, from https://statsbots.org.bw/sites/default/files/publications/Quarterly%20Multi%20-Topic%20Survey%20Labour%20Force%20Module%20Quarter%201%202024.pdf
53. Thomas, H., & Turnball, P. (2017). From Horizontal to Vertical Labour Governance: The International Labour Organization (ILO) and Decent Work in Global Supply Chains. Human Relations, 4(71), 536-559. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726717719994