Authors : Kaustubh Mani Nepal

Volume/Issue : Volume 11 - 2026, Issue 9 - September

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Google Scholar : https://tinyurl.com/2ndnerpe

DOI : https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/26sep312

Note : A published paper may take 4-5 working days from the publication date to appear in PlumX Metrics, Semantic Scholar, and ResearchGate.

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Abstract : severe squeezing near the collapse zone, with asymptotic convergences up to 1,421 mm and creep ratios as high as 6.5; (b) moderate creep at varying distances; and (c) limited deformation in more competent ground. The lessons learned from this analysis underscore the critical need for immediate ring closure in squeezing ground, the importance of systematic rock bolting, the effectiveness of real-time monitoring, and the value of customized support systems for managing swelling ground conditions. These findings provide essential insights that will significantly improve tunnel construction practices in similar geological contexts.

Keywords : Squeezing Ground; Tunnel Collapse; Convergence Monitoring; Swelling Claystone; Ring Closure; Time-Dependent Deformation.

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