⚠ Official Notice: www.ijisrt.com is the official website of the International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology (IJISRT) Journal for research paper submission and publication. Please beware of fake or duplicate websites using the IJISRT name.



Design and Development of Nano-Emulgel Using Cow Urine Distillate for Eccentric Treatment of Psoriasis: A Review


Authors : Megha G. Pardhi; Dr. Rakesh Tiwle; Dr. Sunil Menghani

Volume/Issue : Volume 11 - 2026, Issue 3 - March


Google Scholar : https://tinyurl.com/4kczjekk

Scribd : https://tinyurl.com/bdekwnvv

DOI : https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/26mar1544

Note : A published paper may take 4-5 working days from the publication date to appear in PlumX Metrics, Semantic Scholar, and ResearchGate.


Abstract : Psoriasis is an inflammatory skin disease characterized by the appearance of red lesions covered with silvery white flakes (scales) and has a significant prevalence in several countries around the world. It is characterized by red and scaly areas on the skin due to uncontrolled and fast growth of skin cells in combination with an immune system disorder. The disease is usually associated with itching, discomfort and emotional stress, all of which can decrease the quality of life in affected individuals. Topical corticosteroids, vitamin D analogues and systemic immunosuppressants among others are used to manage the symptoms of psoriasis. However‚ due to these limitations‚ alternative treatment systems such as herbal and alternative systems of medicine have attracted much attention for their use in management of skin diseases․ Of these‚ one of the most widely cited‚ cow urine distillate (CUD)‚ has been reported to have antimicrobial‚ anti-inflammatory‚ antioxidant and immunomodulatory properties which may be useful in the treatment of skin inflammatory conditions such as psoriasis․ Recently‚ pharmaceutical nanotechnology has introduced new drug delivery systems to optimize topical drug delivery․ The nano-emulgel‚ which combines the advantages of nanoemulsion and gel systems into one drug delivery system‚ is one such system․ These systems have the ability to improve skin penetration‚ increase the stability of active ingredients and control the rate of drug release․ In addition‚ nano-emulgels are easy to apply‚ do not feel greasy‚ and improve patient compliance as compared to conventional topical formulations․ Therefore‚ this review is focused on the pathophysiology of psoriasis‚ the therapeutic role of cow urine distillate‚ the advantages of nano-emulgel formulations as a drug delivery vehicle for topical formulations‚ and the potential role of nano-emulgel formulations containing cow urine distillate as a new and promising approach for treating psoriasis․

Keywords : Psoriasis, Nano-Emulgel, Cow Urine Distillate, Herbal Drug Delivery, Nanotechnology, Topical Drug Delivery.

References :

  1. Parisi R, Symmons DPM, Griffiths CEM, Ashcroft DM. Global epidemiology of psoriasis: a systematic review of incidence and prevalence. J Invest Dermatol. 2013;133(2):377-385.
  2. Griffiths CEM, Armstrong AW, Gudjonsson JE, Barker JN. Psoriasis. Lancet. 2021;397(10281):1301-1315.
  3. Boehncke WH, Schön MP. Psoriasis. Lancet. 2015;386(9997):983-994.
  4. Nestle FO, Kaplan DH, Barker J. Psoriasis. N Engl J Med. 2009;361(5):496-509.
  5. Lowes MA, Suárez-Fariñas M, Krueger JG. Immunology of psoriasis. Annu Rev Immunol. 2014;32:227-255.
  6. Rendon A, Schäkel K. Psoriasis pathogenesis and treatment. Int J Mol Sci. 2019;20(6):1475.
  7. Kim J, Krueger JG. The immunopathogenesis of psoriasis. J Invest Dermatol. 2015;135(2):354-363.
  8. Deng Y, Chang C, Lu Q. The inflammatory response in psoriasis. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2016;50(3):377-389.
  9. Blauvelt A, Chiricozzi A. The immunologic role of IL-17 in psoriasis. Immunol Rev. 2018;281(1):141-151.
  10. Armstrong AW, Read C. Pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and treatment of psoriasis. JAMA. 2020;323(19):1945-1960.
  11. Menter A, Griffiths CEM. Current and future management of psoriasis. Lancet. 2007;370(9583):272-284.
  12. Rahman HS, et al. Natural products and herbal therapies for psoriasis. Front Pharmacol. 2022;13:824732.
  13. Pan SY, Zhou SF, Gao SH, et al. New perspectives on herbal medicines in dermatology. Phytother Res. 2013;27(8):1107-1118.
  14. McClements DJ. Nanoemulsions versus microemulsions: terminology and differences. Soft Matter. 2012;8:1719-1729.
  15. Gupta A, Eral HB, Hatton TA, Doyle PS. Nanoemulsions: formation and applications. Soft Matter. 2016;12:2826-2841.
  16. Shakeel F, Ramadan W, Shafiq S. Nanoemulsions as drug delivery systems. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol. 2009;19(3):191-197.
  17. Randhawa GK. Cow urine distillate as bioenhancer. J Ayurveda Integr Med. 2010;1(4):240-241.
  18. Chauhan RS, Singhal LK. Immunomodulatory effects of cow urine. Indian J Exp Biol. 2001;39:355-358.
  19. Jarald E, Jarald S, Edwin S. Therapeutic properties of cow urine distillate. Anc Sci Life. 2008;28(2):37-41.
  20. Griffiths CEM, Barker JN. Pathogenesis and clinical features of psoriasis. Lancet. 2007;370(9583):263-271.
  21. Parisi R, Iskandar IYK, Kontopantelis E, et al. National and regional prevalence of psoriasis. BMJ. 2020;369:m1590.
  22. Langley RG, Krueger GG, Griffiths CEM. Psoriasis epidemiology, clinical features and quality of life. Ann Rheum Dis. 2005;64:ii18-ii23.
  23. Nickoloff BJ, Nestle FO. Recent insights into psoriasis pathogenesis. J Clin Invest. 2004;113(12):1664-1675.
  24. Boehncke WH. Etiology and pathogenesis of psoriasis. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 2015;41(4):665-675.
  25. Gudjonsson JE, Elder JT. Psoriasis: epidemiology and clinical manifestations. Clin Dermatol. 2007;25(6):535-546.
  26. Lebwohl M. Topical therapies for psoriasis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2003;49(2):S59-S62.
  27. Samarasekera EJ, Sawyer L, Parnham J, Smith CH. Topical therapies for psoriasis. BMJ. 2013;346:f2634.
  28. Warren RB, Mrowietz U, von Kiedrowski R. An overview of systemic therapies for psoriasis. Br J Dermatol. 2016;175:18-25.
  29. Nast A, et al. European S3 guidelines on systemic treatment of psoriasis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2015;29:2277-2294.
  30. Kim J, Krueger JG. Highly effective new treatments for psoriasis targeting the IL-23/IL-17 axis. Annu Rev Med. 2017;68:255-269.
  31. Blauvelt A. IL-17 inhibitors in psoriasis therapy. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2016;16(3):351-360.
  32. Mrowietz U, Domm S. Systemic therapies in psoriasis: limitations and side effects. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2013;11(3):205-216.
  33. Feldman SR, Krueger GG. Psoriasis assessment tools in clinical trials. Ann Rheum Dis. 2005;64:ii65-ii68.
  34. Pan SY, Zhou SF, Gao SH, Yu ZL, Zhang SF, Tang MK, et al. New perspectives on how to discover drugs from herbal medicines: CAM’s outstanding contribution to modern therapeutics. Phytother Res. 2013;27(8):1107-1118.
  35. Petrovska BB. Historical review of medicinal plants’ usage. Pharmacogn Rev. 2012;6(11):1-5.
  36. Rahman HS, Othman HH, Hammadi NI, Yeap SK, Amin KM, Abdul Samad N, et al. Novel drug delivery systems for psoriasis: herbal and natural products. Front Pharmacol. 2022;13:824732.
  37. Hewlings SJ, Kalman DS. Curcumin: a review of its effects on human health. Foods. 2017;6(10):92.
  38. Subapriya R, Nagini S. Medicinal properties of neem leaves: a review. Curr Med Chem Anticancer Agents. 2005;5(2):149-156.
  39. Surjushe A, Vasani R, Saple DG. Aloe vera: a short review. Indian J Dermatol. 2008;53(4):163-166.
  40. Talbott SM, Talbott JA. Turmeric and curcumin: anti-inflammatory agents. J Altern Complement Med. 2014;20(3):191-198.
  41. Mukherjee PK, Nema NK, Maity N, Sarkar BK. Phytochemical and therapeutic potential of medicinal plants in skin disorders. Phytomedicine. 2011;19(1):64-73.
  42. Choudhary N, Bhatt LK. Herbal medicines used in treatment of psoriasis: a review. J Ethnopharmacol. 2019;230:147-159.
  43. Randhawa GK. Cow urine distillate as bioenhancer. J Ayurveda Integr Med. 2010;1(4):240-241.
  44. Dhama K, Chakraborty S, Tiwari R, Panchal A, Kumar A, Saminathan M, et al. Panchgavya therapy (cowpathy) in safeguarding health: a review. Res Opin Anim Vet Sci. 2013;3(3):170-178.
  45. Jain NK, Gupta VB, Garg R, Silawat N. Efficacy of cow urine therapy in human diseases: a review. Int J Green Pharm. 2010;4(2):72-78.
  46. Pathak ML, Kumar A, Kumar P. Cow urine distillate: a review of its therapeutic properties. Int J Cow Sci. 2005;1(1):1-7.
  47. Chauhan RS, Singhal LK. Immunomodulatory effects of cow urine. Indian J Exp Biol. 2001;39:355-358.
  48. Jarald E, Jarald S, Edwin S, Tiwari V. Therapeutic properties of cow urine: a review. Anc Sci Life. 2008;28(2):37-41.
  49. Dhama K, Tiwari R, Chakraborty S, Saminathan M, Kumar A, et al. Cow urine distillate: pharmacological importance and medicinal value. Int J Pharmacol. 2014;10(2):1-9.
  50. McClements DJ. Nanoemulsions versus microemulsions: terminology and fundamental differences. Soft Matter. 2012;8:1719-1729.
  51. Gupta A, Eral HB, Hatton TA, Doyle PS. Nanoemulsions: formation, properties and applications. Soft Matter. 2016;12:2826-2841.
  52. Kotta S, Khan AW, Ansari SH, Sharma RK, Ali J. Formulation of nanoemulsion gel for topical drug delivery. Drug Dev Ind Pharm. 2015;41(2):329-337.
  53. Shah P, Bhalodia D, Shelat P. Nanoemulsion: a pharmaceutical review. Syst Rev Pharm. 2010;1(1):24-32.
  54. Shakeel F, Ramadan W, Shafiq S. Solubility and dissolution improvement of drugs using nanoemulsion. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol. 2009;19(3):191-197.
  55. Singh Y, Meher JG, Raval K, Khan FA, Chaurasia M, Jain NK, et al. Nanoemulsion: concepts and applications in drug delivery. J Control Release. 2017;252:28-49.
  56. Tadros T, Izquierdo P, Esquena J, Solans C. Formation and stability of nanoemulsions. Adv Colloid Interface Sci. 2004;108-109:303-318.
  57. Gupta PN, Pandit JK. Development of nanoemulsion based topical drug delivery systems. Drug Discov Today. 2010;15(13-14):547-552.
  58. Lawrence MJ, Rees GD. Microemulsion-based media as novel drug delivery systems. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2012;64:175-193.
  59. owe RC, Sheskey PJ, Quinn ME. Polymers in pharmaceutical formulations. Int J Pharm. 2009;383:1-3.
  60. Rakesh Tiwle, Varsha Rawat, Smriti Dewangan, Characterization, Antimicrobial Activity and Antioxidant Properties of Grewia tiliifolia Root Mucilage as a Binder Excipient, Research J. Pharm. and Tech. 18(7): July 2025.
  61. Date AA, Patravale VB. Microemulsions and nanoemulsions: novel drug delivery systems. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2008;60:548-557.
  62. Awasthi V, Pawar H, Dora CP. Development of nanoemulgel for topical drug delivery. Pharm Dev Technol. 2016;21(5):554-562.
  63. Shakeel F, Alam P. Nanoemulgel for transdermal drug delivery: formulation and evaluation. J Mol Liq. 2017;238:389-397.
  64. Bhardwaj S, Gaur PK, Tiwari A. Development and evaluation of nanoemulgel formulations. Assay Drug Dev Technol. 2022;20(1):42-54.
  65. hattacharjee S. DLS and zeta potential – what they are and what they are not. J Control Release. 2016;235:337-351.
  66. Singh B, Bandopadhyay S, Kapil R. Drug content analysis in topical nanoformulations. Pharm Dev Technol. 2015;20(7):812-818.
  67. Kaur LP, Garg R, Gupta GD. Development and evaluation of topical gel formulations. Drug Dev Ind Pharm. 2010;36(8):1025-1031.
  68. Costa P, Sousa Lobo JM. Modeling and comparison of dissolution profiles. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2001;13(2):123-133.
  69. OECD. Guidance for in vitro skin absorption studies. Skin Pharmacol Physiol. 2004;17:209-214.
  70. ICH Harmonised Tripartite Guideline. Stability testing of new drug substances and products. ICH Q1A(R2). 2003.
  71. Rakesh Tiwle, Effect of PH of AlCl3 Solution on Drug Entrapment Efficiency of IPN Beads, International Journal of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, IJCPS, 2014, Vol.2(6): 878-881.
  72. Kim J, Krueger JG. The immunopathogenesis of psoriasis. J Invest Dermatol. 2015;135(2):354-363.
  73. Deng Y, Chang C, Lu Q. The inflammatory response in psoriasis. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2016;50(3):377-389.
  74. Alam A, Alqarni MH, Foudah AI, et al. Development of babchi oil nanoemulsion hydrogel for topical treatment of psoriasis. Gels. 2022;8(12):761.
  75. Awasthi V, Pawar H, Dora CP, et al. Development of methotrexate nanoemulgel for topical treatment of psoriasis. Pharm Dev Technol. 2016;21(5):554-562.
  76. Kotta S, Khan AW, Ansari SH, Sharma RK, Ali J. Formulation of nanoemulsion gel for topical drug delivery. Drug Dev Ind Pharm. 2015;41(2):329-337.
  77. Shakeel F, Alam P, Anwer MK, et al. Nanoemulgel formulation for topical delivery of anti-inflammatory drugs in eczema. J Mol Liq. 2017;238:389-397.
  78. Gupta PN, Pandit JK. Development of nanoemulsion based topical drug delivery systems for inflammatory skin diseases. Drug Discov Today. 2010;15(13-14):547-552.
  79. Ghosh V, Saranya S, Mukherjee A, Chandrasekaran N. Cinnamon oil nanoemulsion for antimicrobial activity against acne-causing bacteria. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces. 2013;108:61-66.
  80. Shakeel F, Shafiq S, Haq N, et al. Nanoemulsion-based gel for topical delivery of antimicrobial agents. AAPS PharmSciTech. 2012;13(3):1081-1088.
  81. Rahman HS, Othman HH, Hammadi NI, et al. Novel drug delivery systems for herbal medicines in dermatology. Front Pharmacol. 2022;13:824732.
  82. Mukherjee PK, Nema NK, Maity N, Sarkar BK. Phytochemical and therapeutic potential of herbal drugs in dermatology. Phytomedicine. 2011;19(1):64-73.
  83. Singh Y, Meher JG, Raval K, et al. Nanoemulsion: concepts and applications in drug delivery. J Control Release. 2017;252:28-49.
  84. Randhawa GK. Cow urine distillate as bioenhancer. J Ayurveda Integr Med. 2010;1(4):240-241.
  85. Jarald E, Jarald S, Edwin S. Therapeutic properties of cow urine distillate: a review. Anc Sci Life. 2008;28(2):37-41.
  86. Dhama K, Chakraborty S, Tiwari R, et al. Panchgavya therapy in safeguarding health: a review. Res Opin Anim Vet Sci. 2013;3(3):170-178.
  87. Mrowietz U, Domm S. Systemic therapies in psoriasis: limitations and side effects. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2013;11(3):205-216.
  88. Tadros T, Izquierdo P, Esquena J, Solans C. Formation and stability of nanoemulsions. Adv Colloid Interface Sci. 2004;108-109:303-318.
  89. Bhattacharjee S. DLS and zeta potential in nanoparticle characterization. J Control Release. 2016;235:337-351.
  90. McClements DJ. Advances in nanoemulsion technology for drug delivery. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci. 2012;17(5):235-245.
  91. Shakeel F, Ramadan W. Transdermal drug delivery systems using nanotechnology. J Mol Liq. 2017;238:389-397.
  92. Rahman HS, et al. Nanotechnology-based herbal medicines for dermatological diseases. Front Pharmacol. 2022;13:824732.

Psoriasis is an inflammatory skin disease characterized by the appearance of red lesions covered with silvery white flakes (scales) and has a significant prevalence in several countries around the world. It is characterized by red and scaly areas on the skin due to uncontrolled and fast growth of skin cells in combination with an immune system disorder. The disease is usually associated with itching, discomfort and emotional stress, all of which can decrease the quality of life in affected individuals. Topical corticosteroids, vitamin D analogues and systemic immunosuppressants among others are used to manage the symptoms of psoriasis. However‚ due to these limitations‚ alternative treatment systems such as herbal and alternative systems of medicine have attracted much attention for their use in management of skin diseases․ Of these‚ one of the most widely cited‚ cow urine distillate (CUD)‚ has been reported to have antimicrobial‚ anti-inflammatory‚ antioxidant and immunomodulatory properties which may be useful in the treatment of skin inflammatory conditions such as psoriasis․ Recently‚ pharmaceutical nanotechnology has introduced new drug delivery systems to optimize topical drug delivery․ The nano-emulgel‚ which combines the advantages of nanoemulsion and gel systems into one drug delivery system‚ is one such system․ These systems have the ability to improve skin penetration‚ increase the stability of active ingredients and control the rate of drug release․ In addition‚ nano-emulgels are easy to apply‚ do not feel greasy‚ and improve patient compliance as compared to conventional topical formulations․ Therefore‚ this review is focused on the pathophysiology of psoriasis‚ the therapeutic role of cow urine distillate‚ the advantages of nano-emulgel formulations as a drug delivery vehicle for topical formulations‚ and the potential role of nano-emulgel formulations containing cow urine distillate as a new and promising approach for treating psoriasis․

Keywords : Psoriasis, Nano-Emulgel, Cow Urine Distillate, Herbal Drug Delivery, Nanotechnology, Topical Drug Delivery.

Paper Submission Last Date
30 - June - 2026

SUBMIT YOUR PAPER CALL FOR PAPERS
Video Explanation for Published paper

Never miss an update from Papermashup

Get notified about the latest tutorials and downloads.

Subscribe by Email

Get alerts directly into your inbox after each post and stay updated.
Subscribe
OR

Subscribe by RSS

Add our RSS to your feedreader to get regular updates from us.
Subscribe