Authors : Divya Dadarao Mutkure

Volume/Issue : Volume 11 - 2026, Issue 4 - April

Google Scholar : https://tinyurl.com/55jm2ee8

Scribd : https://tinyurl.com/4x53nwsa

DOI : https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/26apr1690

Note : A published paper may take 4-5 working days from the publication date to appear in PlumX Metrics, Semantic Scholar, and ResearchGate.

Abstract : Earthquakes are natural disasters that can cause serious damage to buildings, roads, and other structures, and may also lead to loss of human life. To reduce this damage, engineers design earthquake resistant structures that can safely withstand seismic forces. This review paper explains the basic concepts of earthquake resistant design in simple words. It describes how buildings behave during earthquakes and why properties like strength, stiffness, and flexibility (ductility) are important. The paper also discusses different structural systems such as shear walls, braced frames, and base isolation, which help buildings resist earthquake forces. In addition, it explains the role of construction materials like reinforced concrete and steel in improving safety. Important Indian Standard codes such as IS 1893 and IS 13920 are also included, which provide guidelines for safe design and construction. Overall, this paper shows that proper planning, design, and use of suitable techniques can reduce damage and increase the safety of structures in earthquake-prone areas.

Keywords : Earthquake, Earthquake Resistant Structures, Seismic Forces, Structural Design, Ductility, Shear Wall, Base Isolation, Reinforced Concrete, Seismic Design Codes, Structural Safety.

References :

1. S. K. Duggal, Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures, 2nd ed. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2009, pp. 120–180.
2. Bureau of Indian Standards, IS 1893 (Part 1): Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures, New Delhi: BIS, 2016, pp. 15–45.
3. Bureau of Indian Standards, IS 13920: Ductile Detailing of Reinforced Concrete Structures Subjected to Seismic Forces, New Delhi: BIS, 2016, pp. 10–35.
4. M. A. Khan, Earthquake-Resistant Structures: Design, Assessment and Rehabilitation. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2014, pp. 75–140.
5. Y. C. Kurama, M. J. Peckan, and S. M. Sause, “Seismic-resistant precast concrete structures: State of the art,” J. Struct. Eng., vol. 144, no. 4, pp. 1–15, April 2018.
6. S. Yang, “Seismic-resistant technology for building structures,” Acad. J. Environ. Earth Sci., vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 45–52, 2025.
7. Applied Technology Council, ATC-40: Seismic Evaluation and Retrofit of Concrete Buildings. California: ATC, 1996, pp. 50–110.