Using both active and static technical categories, the transmission of heat can be improved. When compared to passive methods, which increase turbulent conditions by adding artificial protrusions in to the absorbent plate, active approaches show less promise. This article evaluates the many passive heat transfer techniques that can improve the air's convection heat transfer coefficient. In this study, we examine the impacts of artificial texture on the thermal characteristics of solar heating ducts for low-pressure drops. The work's primary focus is the mathematical and experimental exploration of heat conduction in the solar system's framework channels, without and alongside artificial protrusions. Additionally, different duct designs for solar thermal water heaters were investigated for both scientific and experimental uses in a range.

Keywords : Artificial texture, heat exchange, passive and active technologies, solar-powered air heater, and coefficient of friction