Authors : Vipul Endla; Chiruvella Suresh

Volume/Issue : Volume 11 - 2026, Issue 3 - March

Google Scholar : https://tinyurl.com/4xdes2da

Scribd : https://tinyurl.com/mts64j75

DOI : https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/26mar731

Note : A published paper may take 4-5 working days from the publication date to appear in PlumX Metrics, Semantic Scholar, and ResearchGate.

Abstract : This study examines the environmental implications of the rapid evolution and adoption of Electric Vehicles (EVs) and Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs), focusing on their alignment with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The primary objective is to critically evaluate whether the large-scale transition to EVs genuinely mitigates environmental degradation or shifts ecological burdens across sectors and regions. The methodology involves a qualitative and datadriven review of battery production impacts, raw material extraction (lithium, cobalt, nickel), charging infrastructure expansion, fossil-fuel-based electricity dependence, and lifecycle ecological footprint indicators presented in the source document. Comparative observations are also drawn between emission reductions during COVID-19 quarantine periods and projected EV-driven reductions under fossil-dominated grids. The novelty of this study lies in integrating ecological footprint metrics (global hectares), SDG-linked damage assessment (SDGs 6, 7, 12, 13, and 15), geopolitical material dependency analysis, and infrastructure cost evaluation into a single sustainability framework, rather than limiting discussion to tailpipe emission reductions. Findings indicate that although EVs reduce urban exhaust emissions and support long-term decarbonization goals, significant upstream impacts persist, including water depletion from lithium extraction, soil and groundwater contamination from cobalt mining, habitat destruction, grid stress, and high carbon intensity in battery manufacturing. Battery recycling challenges and fossil-based grid electricity further limit net climate benefits. However, integration of renewable energy sources such as solar photovoltaic systems can reduce the ecological footprint of charging infrastructure by nearly 90%, substantially improving sustainability outcomes. The study concludes that EV expansion without responsible mining practices, circular economy systems, and clean energy integration risks externalizing environmental damage, thereby undermining progress toward multiple SDGs despite apparent reductions in transportation.

Keywords : Electric Vehicle, Hybrid Electric Vehicle, Electric Vehicle Powertrain, Energy Storage Systems, Vehicle Dynamics.

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