Authors : Paul Amade Emmanuel; Adeeko, T. O.; Abu Mallam; Farouq Ado Umar

Volume/Issue : Volume 11 - 2026, Issue 4 - April

Google Scholar : https://tinyurl.com/yusy9pcu

Scribd : https://tinyurl.com/2ray43jf

DOI : https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/26apr2380

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Abstract : Groundwater resources in rapidly urbanizing settlements are increasingly threatened by uncontrolled solidwaste disposal and the migration of landfill leachate into shallow aquifers. This study evaluates the extent of subsurface and groundwater contamination associated with dumpsites within Karu Local Government Area, Nasarawa State, using an integrated geophysical–geochemilcal approach. A reconnaissance survey (field mapping, GPS positioning, and borehole inventory) guided the layout of resistivity profiles and sampling points. Electrical resistivity investigations comprised twodimensional (2D) resistivity imaging (multiple-gradient array) and Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) using the Schlumberger configuration, with inversion and modelling performed using WinResist to delineate lithologic layering, groundwater conditions, and conductive leachate plumes. Borehole water samples collected along established traverses were analysed for physicochemical parameters and major/trace elements, and contamination severity was evaluated using the Heavy Metal Pollution Index (HPI). Geophysical results consistently resolved three to four geoelectric layers interpreted as topsoil, sandy clay/clayey overburden, weathered basement, and fresh basement. Across the investigated dumpsites (including Angwa Adamu Kugbaru Ado, Auta Balefi, Tudun Wada, and Keffi), pronounced low-resistivity zones in the upper layers (typically within ~0–8 m, locally extending to ~18 m) contrast sharply with higher-resistivity control locations, indicating conductive leachate-impacted materials and potential pathways for lateral contaminant migration. The most intense anomalies occurred where very low resistivities were recorded within the near-surface and clayey horizons, suggesting elevated dissolved ionic content from waste-derived fluids. Water-quality results corroborate the geophysical interpretation, showing elevated electrical conductivity, suspended solids, nutrients (notably nitrate and phosphate), chloride, and multiple heavy metals at dump-impacted points, with several constituents exceeding guideline limits in some locations. Overall, the combined datasets indicate that shallow groundwater systems around the dumpsites are vulnerable to contamination, posing environmental and public-health risks. The study demonstrates the effectiveness of integrating resistivity methods with hydrochemical assessment for mapping leachate influence and identifying high-risk zones. It recommends improved waste containment and drainage control, protection/relocation of nearby water points, and routine groundwater monitoring to reduce exposure and support sustainable groundwater management in the study area.

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