Authors : Dr. Sushant Saini; Dr. Kamal Kishor Gupta

Volume/Issue : Volume 9 - 2024, Issue 10 - October

Google Scholar : https://tinyurl.com/2z6h6pvk

Scribd : https://tinyurl.com/3h8bwvks

DOI : https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/IJISRT24OCT249

Note : A published paper may take 4-5 working days from the publication date to appear in PlumX Metrics, Semantic Scholar, and ResearchGate.

Abstract : This study highlights the global issue of fluoride contamination in drinking water, affecting approximately 260 million people in 30 countries, with India facing significant challenges as endemic fluorosis impacts around one million individuals across 17 states. The elevated fluoride levels are primarily attributed to fluoride-bearing minerals in local rocks and soils. The World Health Organization recommends maintaining fluoride concentrations near 1 mg/L to balance dental health benefits while preventing fluorosis. In response, various defluoridation methods—such as precipitation and adsorption—are implemented in India to adjust fluoride levels to optimal ranges. Given the essential role of water in physiological processes for humans, animals, and plants, understanding the variable quality of surface and groundwater is crucial. This variability is influenced by local geological factors and the presence of contaminants, necessitating effective management strategies for safe drinking water access.

Keywords : Flouride, Deflouridation, Multani Mitti, Chalk Powder, Orange Peel Powder, Ragi Powder.

References :

1. Chidambaram S, Ramanathan AL, Vasudevan S. Fluoride removal studies in water using natural materials. Water Sa. 2003;29(3):339-44.
2. Vardhan CV, Karthikeyan J. Removal of fluoride from water using low-cost materials. In Fifteenth International Water Technology Conference, IWTC-15 2011 Sep (pp. 1-14).
3. Koteswara R, Mallikarjun M. Effective low cost adsorbents for removal of fluoride from water: A study. International Journal of Science and Research. 2014;3:1-5.
4. Gandhi N, Sirisha D, Shekar KC, Asthana S. Removal of fluoride from water and waste water by using low cost adsorbents. International Journal of ChemTech Research. 2012 Oct;4(4):1646-53.
5. World Health Organization. Guidelines for drinking water quality, Geneva: World Health Organisation; 1984.
6. Sompura K. Study on prevalence and severity of chronic fluoride intoxication in relation to certain determinants of fluorosis. PhD Thesis, ML Sukhadia University, Udaipur (Rajasthan) 1998.
7. Choubisa SL. Endemic fluorosis in southern Rajasthan, India. Fluoride 2001;34(1):61-70.
8.   Choubisa SL. Fluoride in drinking water and its toxicosis in tribals, Rajasthan, India. Proc Natl Acad Sci India Sect B Biol Sci 2012;82(2):325-30.
9. Piddennavar Renuka, Krishnappa Pushpanjali. Review on defluoridation techniques of water. The International Journal of Engineering and Science 2013; 2(3):86 -94
10. Meenakshi, R.C Maheshwari. Fluoride in drinking water and its removal. Journal of hazardous material 2006; 137(1):456-463.
11. Davis SN, Deweist RJM. Hydrogeology. New York, NY, USA: John Wiley and Sons; 1966. pp. 96-128.
12.  Sompura K. Study on prevalence and severity of chronic fluoride intoxication in relation to certain determinants of fluorosis. PhD Thesis, ML Sukhadia University, Udaipur (Rajasthan) 1998
13. Piddennavar Renuka, Krishnappa Pushpanjali. Review on defluoridation techniques of water. The International Journal of Engineering and Science 2013; 2(3):86 -94.
14. Ast DB, Smith DJ, Wachs B, Cantwell KT. Newburgh-Kingston caries-nuorine study XIV. Combined clinical and roentgenographic dental findings after ten years of fluoride experience. The Journal of the American Dental Association. 1956 Mar 1;52(3):314-25.
15. Bhargava DS, Killedar DJ. Fluoride adsorption on fishbone charcoal through a moving media adsorber. Water Research. 1992 Jun 1;26(6):781-8.
16. Saha S. Treatment of aqueous effluent for fluoride removal. Water Research. 1993 Aug 1;27(8):1347-50.
17. Saha S. Treatment of aqueous effluent for fluoride removal. Water Research. 1993 Aug 1;27(8):1347-50.
18. Piekos R, Paslawska S. Fluoride uptake characteristics of fly ash. Fluoride. 1999 Feb 1;32:14-9.
19. Sivasamy A, Singh KP, Mohan D, Maruthamuthu M. Studies on defluoridation of water by coal‐based sorbents. Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology. 2001 Jul;76(7):717-22.
20. Çengeloğlu Y, Kır E, Ersöz M. Removal of fluoride from aqueous solution by using red mud. Separation and purification Technology. 2002 Jul 1;28(1):81-6.