Authors : Manikanda Pirabu K; A P K Kavin Kumar; Swathi G; Rajamohamed H; Nepolean R

Volume/Issue : Volume 10 - 2025, Issue 6 - June

Google Scholar : https://tinyurl.com/2eaxu3mz

Scribd : https://tinyurl.com/39rjjvz7

DOI : https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/25jun1645

Note : A published paper may take 4-5 working days from the publication date to appear in PlumX Metrics, Semantic Scholar, and ResearchGate.

Note : Google Scholar may take 30 to 40 days to display the article.

Abstract : Introduction: Pharmacoeconomics observes, measures, and compares the economic burden and detrimental impact of pharmacological therapy on the healthcare system, and it plays an important part in medical practices. Parkinson's disease (PD) has a large socioeconomic impact on society. It has become increasingly common over the past 25 years and resulted in 5.8 million disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) in 2019. Aims and Objectives: The purpose is to determine the number of brands and pricing variations for each antiparkinsonian drug available in India. Which can help to develop more cost-effective treatment regimens that improve patient compliance and provide great care. Methods: The cost of particular antiparkinsonian drugs of different strengths was sourced from the "Current Index of Medical Specialties" (CIMS) and "India Drug Review" (IDR 2024 issue 3). The difference between the maximum price andminimum price was analysed, and the percentage variation in prices was calculated. Results: In total, 208 brands representing five different groups of antiparkinsonian medicines were found. A total of 10 medications were introduced, each with a distinct strength (mg), as well as 2 fixed-dose combination drugs with 6 different strengths. Procyclidine 2.5 mg (central anticholinergics) had the highest cost ratio (4.58 percentage) and cost variation (358.33 percentage). Pramipexole 0.75 mg (a dopaminergic agonist) had the lowest cost ratio (1.16) and cost variation (16.4 percentage). While in the fixed dose combination, Levodopa + Carbidopa (250/25 mg) had the highest cost ratio (7.39) and Percentage cost variation (639.89 Percentage). Levodoapa+Carbidopa+Entacapone (100/25/200 mg) had the lowest cost ratio (1.12) and Percentage cost variation (12.5 percent). Conclusion: The study emphasises the significance of the selection of most appropriate brand of medicine which helps to reduce the patient economic burden results in effective medication adherence and creates awareness to the healthcare workers on the wide variations of cost and selection of Anti-Parkinson drugs.

Keywords : Pharmacoeconomics, Economic Burden, Cost Analysis, Cost Ratio, Parkinson Disease.

References :

1. Chaudhari A, Zaveri JR. Pharmacoeco-economic study: A cost variation analysis of AKT drugs available in Indian market. Indian J Pharm Pharmacol 2019;6(1):6-10.
2. J AGT, M P. A pharmacoeconomic study on cost variation of antiplatelet drugs available in Indian market. Natl J Physiol Pharm Pharmacol. (2020), [cited October 03,2024]; 10(7): 574-578. doi:10.5455/njppp.2020.10.01008202021052020
3. Kolasani BP, Malathi DC, Ponnaluri RR. Variation of Cost among Anti- cancer Drugs Available in Indian Market. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC RESEARCH [Internet]. 2016 Jan 1; Available from: https://doi.org/10.7860/jcdr/2016/2 2384.8918
4. Adwal SK, Baghel R. Price variation in different brands of anticancer drugs available in Indian pharmaceutical market: a cost analysis study. International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology [Internet]. 2019 Mar 11;8(4):642. Available from: https://doi.org/10.18203/2319- 2003.ijbcp20191010
5. Scheife RT, Schumock GT, Burstein A, Gottwald MD, Luer MS. Impact of               Parkinson’s           disease   and         its pharmacologic treatment on quality of life and economic outcomes. American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy [Internet]. 2000 May 15;57(10):953–62. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1093/ajhp/57.10. 953
6. Winter Y, Von Campenhausen S, Reese JP, Balzer-Geldsetzer M, Longo K, Spiga G, et al. Costs of Parkinson’s Disease and Antiparkinsonian Pharmacotherapy: An Italian Cohort Study. Neurodegenerative Diseases [Internet]. 2010 Jan 1;7(6):365–72. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1159/000302644
7. World Health Organization: WHO, World Health Organization: WHO. Parkinson disease [Internet]. 2023. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/parkinson- disease
8. Von Campenhausen S, Winter Y, Silva ARE, Sampaio C, Ruzicka E, Barone P, et al. Costs of illness and care in Parkinson’s Disease: An evaluation in six countries. European Neuropsychopharmacology [Internet]. 2010 Oct 4;21(2):180–91.Availablefrom: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro. 2010.08.002
9. Dodel RC, Eggert KM, Singer MS, Eichhorn TE, Pogarell O, Oertel WH. Costs of drug treatment in Parkinson’s disease. Movement Disorders      [Internet].       1998                      Mar 1;13(2):249–54.           Available               from: https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.870130209
10. DiPiro J, Talbert R, eds. Pharmacotherapy: A Pathological Approach. 6th ed. The McGraw- Hill Companies
11. ShahK,Solanki  N,   Rana     D, Acharya    K.                    Evaluation                                                            of antidiabetic prescriptions, cost and adherence to treatment guidelines: A prospective, cross-sectional study at a tertiary care teaching hospital. Journal of          Basic     and       Clinical Pharmacy[Internet].2013Jan 1;4(4):82.Availablefrom: https://doi.org/10.4103/0976- 0105.121653
12. P Y, A G, V P. Analysis of pricing of oral antiviral drug formulations available in Indian market. National Journal of Physiology Pharmacy and Pharmacology [Internet]. 2019 Jan 1;(0):1. Available from: https://doi.org/10.5455/njppp.2019. 9.0205507032019
13. Jadhav NB, Bhosale MS, Adhav CV. COST ANALYSIS STUDY OF ORAL ANTIDIABETIC DRUGS AVAILABLE   IN   INDIANMARKET  [Internet].Abstract. Available from: https://www.ijmrhs.com/abstract/co st-analysis-study-of-oral- antidiabetic-drugs-available-in- indian-market-91.html
14. Surathi P, Jhunjhunwala K, Yadav R, Pal PK. Research in Parkinson′s disease in India: A review. Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology [Internet]. 2015 Oct 20;19(1):9. Available from: https://doi.org/10.4103/0972- 2327.167713
15. Yi ZM, Li XY, Wang YB, Wang RL,Ma QC, Zhao RS, et al. Evaluating the direct medical cost, drug utilization and expenditure for managing Parkinson’s disease: a costing study at a medical center in China. Annals                   of            Translational Medicine[Internet]. 2022Mar 1;10(6):330.Available from: https://doi.org/10.21037/atm-22- 1014
16. R D, A G. Cost variation analysis of various brands of anticoagulants, fibrinolytics, and antiplatelet drugs currently available in Indian pharmaceutical market. National Journal of Physiology Pharmacy and Pharmacology [Internet]. 2019 Jan 1;(0):1. Available from: https://doi.org/10.5455/njppp.2019. 9.0205602032019
17. Gauthaman J, Jayanthi M. Wide Cost Variations Observed in Antibiotics and Analgesics Prescribed for Dental Care in India: A Price and Affordability Analysis. Cureus [Internet]. 2022 Jan 31; Available from:https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.2175 5
18. Allan GM, Lexchin J, Wiebe N. Physician Awareness of Drug Cost: A Systematic Review. PLoS Medicine [Internet]. 2007 Sep 18;4(9):e283.  Available   from: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pme d.0040283
19. Mehani R, Sharma P. Cost variation analysis of oral anti-diabetic drugs. International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology [Internet]. 2018 Aug 23;7(9):1709. Available from: https://doi.org/10.18203/2319- 2003.ijbcp20183476
20. Ray A, Najmi A, Khandelwal G, Sadasivam B. A Cost Variation Analysis of Drugs Available in the Indian Market for the Management of Thromboembolic Disorders. Cureus [Internet]. 2020 May 5; Available from: https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.7964
21. Dusetzina SB, Besaw RJ, Whitmore CC, Mattingly TJ, Sinaiko AD, Keating NL, et al. Cost-Related Medication Nonadherence and Desire for Medication Cost Information Among Adults Aged 65 Years and Older in the US in 2022. JAMA Network Open [Internet]. 2023 May 18;6(5):e2314211.Available       from: https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetwor kopen.2023.14211
22. Sulaiman AK, Ayub F, Rabbani I, Lee KS, Goh KW, Nadeem MF, et al.  price-variation-among- registered-brands-of-anti-cancer-medicines-available-in-pakistan.Malaysian Journal of Pharmacy [Internet]. 2022 Jun 1;8(1):42–56. Availablefrom:https://doi.org/10.52494/exvw6975