Evaluation of Sexual Transmitted Infections among Gender based Violence Cases: Retrospective Cross Sectional Study, Kigali-Rwanda


Authors : Fabrice Uwumuremyi; Evergiste Bisanukuri; Angelique Usengimana; Jean Berchmas Mutijima; Enias Hitimana; Patrick Nemeyimana; Jeanette Nyirakwezi; Aprinal Arinaitwe

Volume/Issue : Volume 9 - 2024, Issue 6 - June


Google Scholar : https://tinyurl.com/5n74ctks

Scribd : https://tinyurl.com/ye6tym2t

DOI : https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/IJISRT24JUN1668

Note : A published paper may take 4-5 working days from the publication date to appear in PlumX Metrics, Semantic Scholar, and ResearchGate.


Abstract : Background: STIs are infections that are passed from one person to another through sexual contact. The causes of STIs are bacteria, parasites, yeast, and viruses. There are more than 20 types of STIs, including Chlamydia, genital herpes, gonorrhea, HIV/AIDS, HPV, Syphilis and Trichomonas1 . According to WHO (2013), Amin and Garcia presented the evidence of the increased risk of STIs and HIV associated with GBV; and looks at potential pathways by which gender-based violence and STI and HIV are linked2 . GBV is defined by the UN in the CEDAW as any act that is likely to or results in physical, sexual or psychological harm or suffering to women including threats or acts of coercion, arbitrary deprivation of liberty, private or public, in the family or community2,15 . The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of STIs among GBV cases attending Isange one stop center in Kibagabaga District Hospital.  Method: This study was retrospective conducted from January 2017 to September 2019 among GBV cases attending Isange one stop center in Kibagabaga District Hospital. Request forms describing the GBV case and indicating the demographic parameters and laboratory findings of the victim was evaluated. Data was analyzed using Microsoft Excel and SPSS version 16.0.  Result: In total 320 cases for GBV cases was reported from 2017 up to November, 2019 at Isange One Stop Center in Kibagabaga District Hospital. 100% of study population was female, majority of them 96.25% (308) were young female adolescent in the range of 10 to 19 years old. Considering laboratory findings, this study showed that Only 5% of all GBV cases within period of 3 years reported STIs negative, Majority GBV cases reported pregnancy at high level 72% and the overall Prevalence of STIs was 23% all GBV cases. 7.2% of these had HIV and 6.8% had Hepatitis B virus. The prevalence of trichomonas and Syphilis was 4% and 5% of all GBV cases respectively and this study showed no HPV and Gonorrhea cases has been reported.  Conclusion: Although the proven steps that have been taken by government of Rwanda to against GBV, but not understood as desired because GBV cases continue to increase periodical, so more Strength and focus are needed to reduce this rate GBV among young female adolescents. According to this study finding which suggested that GBV cases promote STIs and unwanted pregnancy.

Keywords : Sexual Violence, Intimate Partner Violence, Sexual Transmitted Infections, Pregnancy.

References :

  1. NIAD, N. I. (2015). sexual transmitted diseases. [pdf] Retrieved august 10, 2019, from NIAID: https://www.niaid.nih.gov/diseases-conditions/sexually-transmitted-diseases? researchers=true.
  2. WHO. (2013). Lab diagnosis of sexually transmitted infections, including human immunodeficiency virus. Retrieved  from World Health Organisation: http://who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/rtis/9789241505840/en/.
  3. Bidhubhusan, M.; Niranjan, S. Exposure to Pornographic Videos and Its Effect on HIV-Related Sexual Risk Behaviours among Male Migrant Workers in Southern India.  PLOS ONE, 2014; 9(1), 11.
  4. Hong, Y.; Zhang, C.; Li X et al., Partner violence and psychosocial distress among female sex workers in China. plos one, 2013; 8.
  5. Garcia-Moreno, C.; Jansen, H.A.F.M.; Ellsberg, M. Prevalence of intimate partner violence:findings from the WHO multi-country study on women’s health and domestic violence. Lancet , 2006; 368(1), 1260-1269.
  6. Therese, M. R. (2018). Gender-based violence in Rwanda: getting everyone on board. World Bank Blog.
  7. Rwanda Medical Research Center (RMRC). (2010). Masculinity and gender based violence in Rwanda: Experiences and perceptions of men and women. http://menengage.org/wpcontent/uploads/2014/06/Masculinity-GBV-Rwanda.
  8. Badaru, A., & ObiniMokaya, S. Factors influencing level of sexual gender-based violence on women in border towns in Uganda. A case study of Arua Municipality. International Journal of Scientific and Research, 2018; 8(4), 339-344.
  9. Campbell, J. C. Health consequences of intimate partner violence. The lancet, 2022; 359(9314), 1331-1336.
  10. Watts, C., & Zimmerman, C. (2002). Violence against women: global scope and magnitude. Lancet 2002; 359(1), 1232–7.
  11. Simone,D.; McCourtie. (2019). Gender based violance:violence against women and girls. https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/socialdevelopment/brief/violence-against-women-and-girls.
  12. Rwanda National Police (RNP), (2015). winning the war against gender based violence. http://www.police.gov.rw/newsdetail/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=5678&cHash=5c2c440f6fe99a6dce0d8763a4a6b2a2.
  13. Abraham, N., Devries, K.,Watts, C et al., worldwide prevalence of non partner sexual violance:a systemic review. lancet , 2014; 383 (1), 1648-1654.
  14. Dr. Surabhi, D.,Dr. Kirti, D., Dr. Priyadarshini, S. Clinical Manifestations of Sexually Transmitted Diseases : An Overview. Indian Institute of Sexology Bhubaneswar, 2017; 6-39.
  15. Amin, A. C.; Garcia, M. (WHO).  Addressing gender-based violence to reduce risk of STI and HIV.  Sexual transmitted infection, 2013; 89 (1), A8.
  16. Chacham, A. S., Simão, A. B., & Caetano, A. J. Gender-based violence and sexual and reproductive health among low-income youth in three Brazilian cities. Reproductive health matters, 2016; 24(47), 141-152.

Background: STIs are infections that are passed from one person to another through sexual contact. The causes of STIs are bacteria, parasites, yeast, and viruses. There are more than 20 types of STIs, including Chlamydia, genital herpes, gonorrhea, HIV/AIDS, HPV, Syphilis and Trichomonas1 . According to WHO (2013), Amin and Garcia presented the evidence of the increased risk of STIs and HIV associated with GBV; and looks at potential pathways by which gender-based violence and STI and HIV are linked2 . GBV is defined by the UN in the CEDAW as any act that is likely to or results in physical, sexual or psychological harm or suffering to women including threats or acts of coercion, arbitrary deprivation of liberty, private or public, in the family or community2,15 . The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of STIs among GBV cases attending Isange one stop center in Kibagabaga District Hospital.  Method: This study was retrospective conducted from January 2017 to September 2019 among GBV cases attending Isange one stop center in Kibagabaga District Hospital. Request forms describing the GBV case and indicating the demographic parameters and laboratory findings of the victim was evaluated. Data was analyzed using Microsoft Excel and SPSS version 16.0.  Result: In total 320 cases for GBV cases was reported from 2017 up to November, 2019 at Isange One Stop Center in Kibagabaga District Hospital. 100% of study population was female, majority of them 96.25% (308) were young female adolescent in the range of 10 to 19 years old. Considering laboratory findings, this study showed that Only 5% of all GBV cases within period of 3 years reported STIs negative, Majority GBV cases reported pregnancy at high level 72% and the overall Prevalence of STIs was 23% all GBV cases. 7.2% of these had HIV and 6.8% had Hepatitis B virus. The prevalence of trichomonas and Syphilis was 4% and 5% of all GBV cases respectively and this study showed no HPV and Gonorrhea cases has been reported.  Conclusion: Although the proven steps that have been taken by government of Rwanda to against GBV, but not understood as desired because GBV cases continue to increase periodical, so more Strength and focus are needed to reduce this rate GBV among young female adolescents. According to this study finding which suggested that GBV cases promote STIs and unwanted pregnancy.

Keywords : Sexual Violence, Intimate Partner Violence, Sexual Transmitted Infections, Pregnancy.

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