Authors : Puram Chandra Sekhar; A.V. S. S. Kumara Swami Gupta

Volume/Issue : Volume 11 - 2026, Issue 7 - July

Google Scholar : https://tinyurl.com/pt4wzdwk

Scribd : https://tinyurl.com/3aua62u8

DOI : https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/26jul935

Note : A published paper may take 4-5 working days from the publication date to appear in PlumX Metrics, Semantic Scholar, and ResearchGate.

Abstract : Combustion and emission characteristics of a single-cylinder, four-stroke, direct-injection, compression-ignition (CI) diesel engine running at constant speed (1500 rpm) are studied by a combination of experimental and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis. Experiments were conducted on diesel fuel, a 20% biodiesel blend (R20), and R20 containing 50 ppm carbon nanotube (CNT) nanoparticles and R20 containing hydrogen induction. The exhaust gas and the engine performance were measured under full load conditions with an eddy current dynamometer and exhaust gas analyzer. In-cylinder pressure, velocity, temperature and CO and CO₂ distribution were simulated using CFD to give detailed information on the combustion behaviour. Good agreement was obtained for the numerical prediction with the experimental observations. The use of CNT nanoparticles and hydrogen in combination enhanced the mixing of fuel and air, increased combustion efficiency and decreased the amount of products of incomplete combustion. The integrated experimental–CFD approach has a definite route to cleaner and more efficient CI engine technologies.

Keywords : CI Engine, Biodiesel, Carbon Nanotubes, Hydrogen Induction, CFD, Combustion, Emissions.

References :

1. Demirbas A. Biodiesel: A realistic fuel alternative for diesel engines. Springer, London; 2008.
2. Knothe G, Van Gerpen J, Krahl J. The Biodiesel Handbook. 2nd ed. AOCS Press; 2015.
3. Agarwal AK. Biofuels (alcohols and biodiesel) applications as fuels for internal combustion engines. Prog Energy Combust Sci. 2007;33(3):233–271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2006.08.003.
4. Mofijur M, Rasul MG, Hyde J, Bhuiya MMAK. Role of biofuel and their binary and ternary blends on internal combustion engines emission reduction. Renew Sustain Energy Rev. 2015;53:265–278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.08.046
5. Lapuerta M, Armas O, Rodríguez-Fernández J. Effect of biodiesel fuels on diesel engine emissions. Prog Energy Combust Sci. 2008; 34(2): 198–223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2007.07.001.
6. Xue J, Grift TE, Hansen AC. Effect of biodiesel on engine performances and emissions. Renew Sustain Energy Rev. 2011; 15(2):1098–1116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2010.11.016.
7. Nabi MN, Rahman MM, Akhter MS. Biodiesel from cotton seed oil and its effect on engine performance and exhaust emissions. Appl Therm Eng. 2009;29:2265–2270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2008.11.009
8. Basha JS, Anand RB. Performance, emission and combustion characteristics of a diesel engine using carbon nanotube blended biodiesel.
9. Sajith V, Sobhan CB, Peterson GP. Experimental investigations on the effects of cerium oxide nanoparticle fuel additives on biodiesel. Adv Mech Eng. 2010. https://doi.org/10.1155/2010/581407
10. Manigandan S, et al. Effect of hydrogen and multiwall carbon nanotube blends on combustion performance and emission of diesel engine using Taguchi approach. Fuel. 2020.
11. Manigandan S, et al. Effect of nanoparticles and hydrogen on combustion performance and exhaust emission of corn blended biodiesel in compression ignition engine. Int J Hydrogen Energy. 2020.
12. Tosun E, Ozcanli M. Hydrogen enrichment effects on performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine. Eng Sci Technol Int J. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jestch.2020.12.022
13. Wang J, et al. Performance and emission characteristics of safflower oil biodiesel blended with nanoparticles and hydrogen on diesel engines. Fuel. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2023.128946
14. Chetia B, et al. Hydrogen-enriched nanoparticle blended waste cooking biodiesel in diesel engine. Int J Hydrogen Energy. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2023.06.088
15. Versteeg HK, Malalasekera W. An Introduction to Computational Fluid Dynamics: The Finite Volume Method. 2nd ed. Pearson; 2007.
16. ANSYS Inc. ANSYS Fluent Theory Guide. 2025.
17. Jayabal R, Sivanraju R. Environmental and emission analysis of biodiesel/bioethanol/nanoparticles blends with hydrogen addition. Energy Sci Eng. 2025. https://doi.org/10.1002/ese3.70151
18. Shabana S, et al. Green hydrogen enrichment and CNT biodiesel–diesel blend. Energy Sci Eng. 2025. https://doi.org/10.1002/ese3.70268
19. Raman R, et al. Hydrogen enrichment and ZnO nanoparticle additives on CRDI diesel engine. Int J Hydrogen Energy. 2026. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.152575
20. Khan O, et al. Multi-objective optimization using biodiesel, hydrogen and cerium oxide nanoparticles. Int J Hydrogen Energy. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.04.044
21. Khan O, et al. Hydrogen enrichment with metal oxide nanoparticles added biodiesel/diesel blends. Int J Hydrogen Energy. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.11.032
22. Sekhar PC, Gupta AVSSKS. Experimental investigations and CFD analysis of combustion and emission in CI engines – A review. Nanotechnology Perceptions. 2024.
23. Sekhar PC, Gupta AVSSKS. Performance testing of biodiesel blends with rapeseed oil focusing on combustion, performance, and emissions analysis. Results in Engineering. 2025;106459. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rineng.2025.106459
24. Sekhar PC, Gupta AVSSKS. Diesel-biodiesel blends using nanoparticles with dispersants: Combustion, performance, and emissions analysis. Next Materials. 2025;9:101146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nxmate.2025.101146
25. Sekhar PC, Gupta AVSSKS. Influence of operating parameters on performance and emissions for a compression-ignition engine fueled by hydrogen/biodiesel blend CNT mixtures. Int J Hydrogen Energy. 2026;222:154259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2026.154259