Authors : Dr. Sushma Dubey; Kritika Kurrey

Volume/Issue : Volume 9 - 2024, Issue 7 - July

Google Scholar : https://tinyurl.com/3bsa45w7

Scribd : https://tinyurl.com/49mhb298

DOI : https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/IJISRT24JUL1649

Note : A published paper may take 4-5 working days from the publication date to appear in PlumX Metrics, Semantic Scholar, and ResearchGate.

Abstract : The greatest diet for babies is breast milk since it meets all of their nutritional needs and promotes healthy growth and development. Human milk contains thousands of different bacteria, the most prevalent ones being lactobacillus and Bifido bacterium. Since the use of probiotics is growing daily, it's important to comprehend their properties and health advantages. The combination of protein, fats, carbs, lipids, minerals, and vitamins found in breast milk helps to nourish an infant's body. Additionally, the bacteria in breast milk offer defense against infections. We will learn about lactic acid bacteria from this study so that we can commercially make probiotics from strains of these bacteria without utilizing lactose, as certain people are lactose intolerant and do not consume any lactose-containing products. The purpose of this article is to identify and isolate lactic acid bacteria while also discussing the advantages of probiotics for health. To understand the role lactic acid bacteria (LAB) from human milk play in the development and health of neonates, LAB must be extracted and identified. This study's objective was to identify, characterize, and segregate LAB strains from human milk samples obtained from nursing mothers in good health. The first isolation was carried out using selective medium, and then morphological, biochemical, and molecular characterization were performed. Through 16S rRNA gene sequencing, the isolates were identified. All things considered, the development of the neonatal gut microbiota and the overall health of infants depend on lactic acid bacteria (LAB). This review's objective is to gather the most recent data on the identification and isolation of LAB from human milk, with an emphasis on the techniques employed, the types of LAB discovered, and any potential health risks. Human milk is an essential source of beneficial bacteria, including several species of lactobacilli (LAB), due to its complex and dynamic nature. Our ability to isolate and accurately identify these germs has improved due to technological advancements in the molecular and microbiological sciences. This paper provides an extensive overview of the methods utilized to extract LAB from human milk, the genera and species that are commonly detected, and the implications of these findings for the nutrition and health of neonates.

Keywords : Lactobacillus; Identification; Breast milk; 16s DNA; Isolation.

References :

1. Ameera M. Al-Yami, et.al. (2022). Lacctobacillus species as probiotics: isolation source and health benefits. J. Pure appl. Microbiol. 16(4); 2270- 2291.
2. Damaceno QS, Gallotti B, Reis IMM, Totte YCP, Assis GB, Figueiredo HC, Silva TF, Azevedo V, Nicoli JR,Martins FS. (2023)  Isolation and Identification of Potential Probiotic Bacteria from Human Milk. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins. Jun;15(3):491-501. doi: 10.1007/s12602-021-09866-5. Epub 2021 Oct 20. PMID: 34671923.
3. Lara-Villoslada F, Olivares M, Sierra S, Rodríguez JM, Boza J, Xaus J. Beneficial effects of probiotic bacteria isolated from breast milk. Br J Nutr. 2007 Oct;98 Suppl 1:S96-100. doi: 10.1017/ S0007114507832910. PMID: 17922969.
4. Martín R, Jiménez E, Heilig H, Fernández L, Marín ML, Zoetendal EG, Rodríguez JM2009.Isolation of Bifidobacteria from Breast Milk and Assessment of the Bifidobacterial Population by PCR-Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis and Quantitative Real-Time PCR . Appl Environ Microbiol75:.https://doi. org/10.1128/AEM.02063-08
5. Serrano-Niño J.C, Solís-Pacheco J.R, Gutierrez-Padilla J.A, Cobián-García A, CavazosGarduño A, González-Reynoso O., and Aguilar-Uscanga B.R, (2016) “Isolation and Identification of Lactic Acid Bacteria from Human Milk with Potential Probiotic Role.” Journal of Food and Nutrition Research, vol. 4, no. 3 :170-177
6. Mehanna, Nayra & Tawfik, Nabil & Salem, Mohamed & Effat, Dr.Baher & El-Rab, D.A.. (2013). Assessment of potential probiotic bacteria isolated from breast milk,  Middle East Journal of Scientific Research. 14. 354-360.
7. Sornplang P, Piyadeatsoontorn S. (2019) Probiotic isolates from unconventional sources: a review. J Anim Sci Technol. Jul 19; 58:26.
8. Jamyuang C, Phoonlapdacha P, Chongviriyaphan N, Chanput W, Nitisinprasert S, Nakphaichit M. (2019) Characterization and probiotic properties of Lactobacilli from human breast milk. 3 Biotech. Nov;9(11):398.
9. Martín R, Olivares M, Marín ML, Fernández L, Xaus J, Rodríguez JM. (2005) Probiotic Potential of 3 Lactobacilli Strains Isolated From Breast Milk. Journal of Human Lactation; 21(1):8-17.
10. Soto, A.; Martín, V.; Jiménez, E.; Mader, I.; Rodríguez, J.M.; Fernández, L. (2014) Lactobacilli and bifidobacteria in human breast milk: Influence of antibiotherapy and other host and clinical factors. J. Pediatric Gastroenterol. Nutr., 59.
11. Sinkiewicz, G.; Ljunggren, L. (2008) Occurrence of Lactobacillus reuteri in human breast milk. Microb. Ecol. Health Dis., 20, 122–126.
12. Satokari, R.; Gronroos, T.; Laitinen, K.; Salminen, S.; Isolauri, E. (2009) Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus DNA in the human placenta. Lett. Appl. Microbiol., 48, 8–12.
13. Rinne, M.M.; Gueimonde, M.; Kalliomaki, M.; Hoppu, U.; Salminen, S.J.; (2005) Isolauri, E. Similar bifidogenic of prebiotic-supplemented partially hydrolyzed infant formula and breastfeeding on infant gut microbiota. FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol., 43, 59–65
14. Mastromarino, P.; Capobianco, D.; Micheli, A.; Pratico, G.; Campagna, G.; Laforgia, N.; Capursi, T.; Baldassarre, M.E. 2015 Administration of a multistrain probiotic product (VSL#3) to women in the perinatal period di_erentially a_ects breast milk beneficial microbiota in relation to mode of delivery. Pharmacol. Res., 95–96, 63–70.
15. Abrahamsson, T.R.; Sinkiewicz, G.; Jakobsson, T.; Fredrikson, M.; Björkstén, B. 2009 Probiotic lactobacilli in breast milk and infant stool in relation to oral intake during the first year of life. J. Pediatric Gastroenterol. Nutr, 49, 349–354.
16. Jost, T.; Lacroix, C.; Braegger, C.; Chassard, C. (2013) Assessment of bacterial diversity in breast milk using culture-dependent and culture-independent approaches. Br. J. Nutr., 14, 1–10.
17. Martín, V.; Maldonado-Barragán, A.; Moles, L.; Rodriguez-Baños, M.; Campo, R.D.; Fernández, L.; Rodríguez, J.M.; Jiménez, E.(2012), Sharing of bacterial strains between breast milk and infant feces. J. Human Lact. O_. J. Int. Lact. Consult. Assoc., 28, 36–44.
18. Arroyo, R.; Martín, V.; Maldonado, A.; Jiménez, E.; Fernández, L.; Rodríguez, J.M.(2010), Treatment of infectious mastitis during lactation: Antibiotics versus oral administration of lactobacilli isolated from breast milk. Clin. Infect. Dis., 50, 1551–1558.
19. Díaz-Ropero, M.; Martín, R.; Sierra, S.; Lara-Villoslad, F.; Rodríguez, J.; Xaus, J.; Olivares, M. (2007), Two Lactobacillus strains, isolated from breast milk, di_erently modulate the immune response. J. Appl. Microbiol., 102, 337–343.
20. Heikkilä, M.; Saris, P. Martín, R., Langa, S., Reviriego, C., Jimínez, E., Marín, M. L., Xaus, J., ... & Rodríguez, J. M. (2003),  Inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus by the commensal bacteria of human milk. J. Appl. Microbiol., 95, 471–478.
21. Martín, R., Heilig, H. G. H. J., Zoetendal, E. G., Smidt, H., & Rodríguez, J. M. (2007). Diversity of the Lactobacillus group in breast milk and vaginal swabs of healthy women and potential role in the colonization of the infant gut,  Journal of Applied Microbiology, 103(6), 2638-2644.
22. Albesharat, R., Ehrmann, M. A., Korakli, M., Yazaji, S., & Vogel, R. F. (2011). Phenotypic and genotypic analyses of lactic acid bacteria in local fermented food, breast milk and feces of mothers and their babies, Systematic and Applied Microbiology, 34(2), 148-155.
23. Fernandez, L., Langa, S., Martin, V., Maldonado, A., Jimenez, E., Martin, R., & Rodriguez, J. M. (2013). The human milk microbiota: Origin and potential roles in health and disease. Pharmacological Research, 69(1), 1-10.
24. Solís, G., de los Reyes-Gavilan, C. G., Fernández, N., Margolles, A., & Gueimonde, M. (2010). Establishment and development of lactic acid bacteria and bifidobacteria microbiota in breast-milk and the infant gut,  Anaerobe, 16(3), 307-310.
25. Collado, M. C., Delgado, S., Maldonado, A., & Rodríguez, J. M. (2009). Assessment of the bacterial diversity of breast milk of healthy women by quantitative real-time PCR, Letters in Applied Microbiology,48(5), 523-528.
26. Jeurink, P. V., van Bergenhenegouwen, J., Jiménez, E., Knippels, L. M., Fernández, L., Garssen, J., & Martín, R. (2013). Human milk: A source of more life than we imagine. Beneficial Microbes, 4(1), 17-30.
27. Cabrera-Rubio, R., Collado, M. C., Laitinen, K., Salminen, S., Isolauri, E., & Mira, A. (2012). the human milk microbiome changes over lactation and is shaped by maternal weigh and mode of delivery. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 96(3), 544-551.
28. Collado, M. C., Delgado, S., Maldonado, A., & Rodríguez, J. M. (2009). Assessment of the bacterial diversity of breast milk of healthy women by quantitative real-time PCR. Letters in Applied Microbiology, 48(5), 523-528.
29. Martín, R., Langa, S., Reviriego, C., Jimínez, E., Marín, M. L., Xaus, J., ... & Rodríguez, J. M. (2003). Human milk is a source of lactic acid bacteria for the infant gut. Journal of Pediatrics, 143(6), 754-758.
30. Fernández, L., Langa, S., Martín, V., Maldonado, A., Jiménez, E., Martín, R., & Rodríguez, J. M. (2013). The human milk microbiota: Origin and potential roles in health and disease. Pharmacological Research, 69(1), 1-10.
31. Hunt, K. M., Foster, J. A., Forney, L. J., Schütte, U. M., Beck, D. L., Abdo, Z., & McGuire, M. K. (2011), Characterization of the diversity and temporal stability of bacterial communities in human milk. PLoS One, 6(6), 213-13.
32. Jost, T., Lacroix, C., Braegger, C. P., Rochat, F., & Chassard, C. (2013). Vertical mother-neonate transfer of maternal gut bacteria via breastfeeding, Environmental Microbiology, 16(9), 2891-2904,
33. Heikkilä, M. P., & Saris, P. E. J. (2003), Inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus by the commensal bacteria of human milk,  Journal of Applied Microbiology, 95(3), 471-478.
34. Quigley, L., O'Sullivan, O., Stanton, C., Beresford, T. P., Ross, R. P., Fitzgerald, G. F., & Cotter, P. D. (2013), The complex microbiota of raw milk. FEMS Microbiology Reviews, 37(5), 664-698.
35. Gómez-Gallego, C., García-Mantrana, I., Salminen, S., & Collado, M. C. (2016), The human milk microbiome and factors influencing its composition and activity, Seminars in Fetal and Neonatal Medicine, 21(6), 400-405.
36. World Health Organization (WHO). (2021). Guidelines on the use of probiotics in food. https://www.who.int.