Authors :
Dr. Saveeta
Volume/Issue :
Volume 11 - 2026, Issue 4 - April
Google Scholar :
https://tinyurl.com/bdzarfda
Scribd :
https://tinyurl.com/mu62u5h2
DOI :
https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/26apr2483
Note : A published paper may take 4-5 working days from the publication date to appear in PlumX Metrics, Semantic Scholar, and ResearchGate.
Abstract :
Financial inclusion has evolved into a central pillar of India’s development strategy during the past decade.
Moving beyond conventional branch-led banking expansion, India has adopted a digitally integrated model combining
identity infrastructure, payment systems, and data-sharing platforms. This paper evaluates the trajectory of financial
inclusion in India between 2014 and December 2025, with special reference to the Jan Dhan–Aadhaar–Mobile (JAM)
Trinity, Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI), and major social security schemes. Using secondary data from the Reserve
Bank of India (RBI), Ministry of Finance, National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI), and international databases
such as the World Bank Global Findex, the study assesses progress across access, usage, and quality dimensions. The findings
indicate that while access to formal accounts has reached near-universal levels, challenges persist in ensuring active usage,
gender parity, digital security, and consumer capability. The paper concludes that the next phase of financial inclusion must
prioritize depth, resilience, and user protection alongside technological expansion.
Keywords :
Financial Inclusion, JAM Trinity, Digital Public Infrastructure, UPI, PMJDY, Digital Payments, Social Security, India.
References :
- Burgess, R., & Pande, R. (2005). Do rural banks matter? Evidence from India.
- Demirgüç-Kunt, A., et al. (2021). Global Findex Database. World Bank.
- Ozili, P. (2021). Financial inclusion research around the world.
- RBI Annual Reports (2014–2025).
- Government of India, Ministry of Finance Reports.
- NPCI Transaction Statistics (2016–2025).
Financial inclusion has evolved into a central pillar of India’s development strategy during the past decade.
Moving beyond conventional branch-led banking expansion, India has adopted a digitally integrated model combining
identity infrastructure, payment systems, and data-sharing platforms. This paper evaluates the trajectory of financial
inclusion in India between 2014 and December 2025, with special reference to the Jan Dhan–Aadhaar–Mobile (JAM)
Trinity, Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI), and major social security schemes. Using secondary data from the Reserve
Bank of India (RBI), Ministry of Finance, National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI), and international databases
such as the World Bank Global Findex, the study assesses progress across access, usage, and quality dimensions. The findings
indicate that while access to formal accounts has reached near-universal levels, challenges persist in ensuring active usage,
gender parity, digital security, and consumer capability. The paper concludes that the next phase of financial inclusion must
prioritize depth, resilience, and user protection alongside technological expansion.
Keywords :
Financial Inclusion, JAM Trinity, Digital Public Infrastructure, UPI, PMJDY, Digital Payments, Social Security, India.
