Authors : Ujwala Gavit; Yogesh A. Dushing

Volume/Issue : Volume 11 - 2026, Issue 3 - March

Google Scholar : https://tinyurl.com/44kpe3d4

Scribd : https://tinyurl.com/4cae3j8c

DOI : https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/26mar1697

Note : A published paper may take 4-5 working days from the publication date to appear in PlumX Metrics, Semantic Scholar, and ResearchGate.

Abstract : Free radicals are highly reactive molecular species generated during normal cellular metabolism and environmental exposure. While reactive oxygen and nitrogen species play essential physiological roles in signaling and immune defense, their excessive production disturbs redox homeostasis, leading to oxidative stress. Oxidative damage to biomolecules is a major contributor to aging and numerous chronic diseases. A comprehensive narrative review of peerreviewed literature was conducted using major scientific databases, focusing on free radical biology, molecular mechanisms of oxidative damage, antioxidant defense systems, and disease associations. Experimental, clinical, and mechanistic studies were synthesized to provide an integrated understanding of redox regulation in human health.Free radicals initiate lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation, DNA damage, mitochondrial dysfunction, and activation of pro-inflammatory pathways. These processes are strongly implicated in cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, diabetes mellitus, inflammatory conditions, cancer, and age-related degeneration. Endogenous antioxidant defense systems, including enzymatic antioxidants such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase, neutralize reactive intermediates. Non-enzymatic antioxidants including vitamins C and E, glutathione, carotenoids, and polyphenols provide complementary radical scavenging and redox-balancing functions.Understanding the balance between free radical generation and antioxidant protection is crucial for preventing oxidative damage and disease progression. Strengthening antioxidant defenses through dietary, pharmacological, and lifestyle interventions offers promising strategies for improving human health and longevity.

Keywords : Free Radicals; Oxidative Stress; Antioxidant Defense System; Molecular Mechanisms; Chronic Diseases

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