Authors : Abdul Qayyum; Abdul Wahab

Volume/Issue : Volume 11 - 2026, Issue 9 - September

Google Scholar : https://tinyurl.com/3tv8czby

DOI : https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/26sep054

Note : A published paper may take 4-5 working days from the publication date to appear in PlumX Metrics, Semantic Scholar, and ResearchGate.

Abstract : The present study investigates the boundary-layer flow and heat transfer characteristics of a hybrid nanofluid over a Riga plate embedded in a variable porous medium, taking into account the combined influence of thermal radiation. The Riga plate, an electromagnetic actuator composed of a spanwise arrangement of permanent magnets and alternating electrodes mounted on a flat surface, generates a wall-parallel Lorentz force that decays exponentially with distance from the plate, thereby offering an effective and non-mechanical means of controlling boundary layer flow without the need for direct fluid contact with moving parts. The working fluid considered is a hybrid nanofluid formed by dispersing two distinct nanoparticle species, typically a metallic and a metal-oxide nanoparticle, within a common base fluid, a combination known to enhance thermal conductivity beyond that achievable with a conventional single-nanoparticle suspension. The governing partial differential equations describing conservation of mass, momentum, and energy, incorporating the Riga plate electromagnetic body force term, a variable porous-medium permeability, and the Rosseland approximation for thermal radiation, are transformed into a system of coupled nonlinear ordinary differential equations via an appropriate similarity transformation. The resulting boundary-value problem is solved numerically using the shooting technique in conjunction with the fourth-order Runge–Kutta integration scheme and validated against previously published results for limiting cases. The influence of pertinent physical parameters, including the modified Hartmann number, porosity parameter, radiation parameter, and nanoparticle volume fraction, on the velocity and temperature profiles, as well as the skin friction coefficient and local Nusselt number, is examined in detail and presented in graphical and tabular form. The findings indicate that increasing the modified Hartmann number enhances fluid velocity near the plate, whereas increasing porosity and radiation parameters exert a retarding effect on the flow and a promoting effect on the thermal boundary layer thickness, respectively. The hybrid nanofluid is found to provide superior heat transfer performance compared to a conventional nanofluid under otherwise identical conditions, confirming its suitability for advanced thermal management applications.

Keywords : Hybrid Nanofluid; Riga Plate; Variable Porous Medium; Thermal Radiation; Boundary Layer Flow; Electromagnetohydrodynamic.

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