Authors :
Abdulrahman Ahmed; Dr. Abba Jidda; Dr. Hadiza Yahaya; Dr. Umar Datti
Volume/Issue :
Volume 9 - 2024, Issue 10 - October
Google Scholar :
https://tinyurl.com/4jzr5fzm
Scribd :
https://tinyurl.com/ybyuu5cr
DOI :
https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/IJISRT24OCT1376
Note : A published paper may take 4-5 working days from the publication date to appear in PlumX Metrics, Semantic Scholar, and ResearchGate.
Abstract :
If to say the importance of any element that
increases disease prevalence could be measured by how it
makes population vulnerable to diseases, then, climate
change and its impacts must be mentioned much more
than other direct or indirect causes and determinants of
diseases. For more than a decade, climate change impacts
have been one of the obstinate problems with greater
burden on the public health sector, especially in the
prevalence of climate-sensitive diseases. This study was
explored to investigate the impacts of climate change on
the prevalence of climate-sensitive diseases. The study was
also conducted to investigate the perception and
awareness of the households on climate change. To further
find out and disclose the climate change prevalence of
climate-sensitive diseases, and climate-health related
impacts, and to explore the coping mechanisms and
adaptation to the impact of climate change and climate-
sensitive diseases prevalence respectively. The research
was a mix-method research design. It was conducted in
Bolori 2 ward of Maiduguri Metropolitan council of
Borno state northeast Nigeria. The target population for
study area was 138,875 according to Premier Urgence
Internationale (PUI). The sample size was 383 obtained
using Cochran formula. The instruments for data
collection were meteorological data review for a decade
interval, review of health facility records of climate-
sensitive disease in the study area, and a structured
questionnaire. The data were obtained, analyzed and
presented using tables, frequency, percentage and charts.
The result of the study revealed that there was an increase
in the annual rainfall in the last decade. That’s from 2014
to 2024. The amount of rainfall in 2014 was 450mm per
annum. And 550mm per annum in 2024. This significant
increase in the annual rainfall in Bolori 2 justified the
devastating flood in September 2024 which consumed
nearly 70% of the Maiduguri metropolitan council of
Borno state in northeast Nigeria. Additionally, the result
also shows an increase in the temperature within the last
decade (2014-2024). With 2014 having 30.5 °C and 2024
having 37.1 °C. This difference in temperature of 6.6°C
increases the development cycle of vector-borne disease
malaria. The elevation of temperatures within the last 5 to
10 years increases the proliferation of vibro cholerae, an
agent that causes cholerae. Humidity may not have direct
effects on cholerae, although humid and warmer
environments support bacterial growth which increases
the chances of waterborne diseases outbreak. The health
facility records on climate-sensitive diseases prevalence
indicated that there are long term increases in Malaria
from 14.45 per 1,000 in the year 2014 to an increase up to
28.00 per 1,000 in the year 2024. This implies a 100%
increase in the incidence of malaria disease as the most
recognized climate sensitive diseases in Bolori 2 of
Maiduguri Metropolitan council of Borno state northeast
Nigeria. This also suggests that there is a growing burden
in health, likely induces by climatic factors such as in the
increase in rainfall, temperature which increasing
mosquito breeding. In the prevalence it postulated that
numerous percentages of the population were affected by
malaria in 2014. temperature elevation led to more
incidence of heatwaves which aggravate respiratory
condition such as bronchitis, asthma, and chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Unstable
temperature aid in increase respiratory infections
specifically during dust storm. The increase in humidity
trapped air pollutants worsening air quality and in turn
increase respiratory infections, especially in vulnerable
populations such as Bolori2. The prevalence of cholera
began low as 0.24 per 1,000 in the year 2024. Continues
change in the climate skyrocketed the incidence rate to
2.43 per 1,000 in the year 2024. This is entangled to the
immense weather changing aiding in severe flooding in
2024 that contaminated various water sources from
Maiduguri metropolis down to Bolori 2 instigating
outbreak occurrences. Additionally, the prevalence of
cholera is less in recent years, it became at a peak during
flooding that affected nearly 70% of the Maiduguri city
which affected about 90% of the communities in Bolori 2.
The demographic data on the age of the respondents
revealed that most of the respondents (33.68%) fall
between the age range 36-50. Findings on the gender of
the respondents shows that most of the respondents were
female with 57.38% accounting for 221/383 of the
respondents. On the educational level of the respondents,the findings show that many of the respondents (68.82%)
264/383 possessed tertiary education in Bolori 2. On
occupation of the respondents, it revealed most of the
respondents 46.21% are farmers. on the perceptions of
climate of the Respondents indicated that most of the
respondents (80.67%) have observed changes in weather
conditions within 5-1o year interval. 88.25% of
respondents indicated an increase in climate-sensitive
diseases in their household. 52.74% of the respondents
have affirmed that someone in their household has
experienced malaria disease. 46.73% of the respondents
opine that someone in their household has visited the
health facility several times a month for treatment related
to diseases. On climate-related or climate-sensitive health
impact in Bolori 2. 87.98% of the respondents implied
that extreme weather events such as heatwaves and floods
have contributed to an increase in diseases in the Bolir 2
community. 54.30% of the respondents indicated that
there are regular water shortages in their households.
This implies that most of the respondents 54.30%
indicated that that the change on rainfall pattern which
causes regularly cause water shortages. 54.04% of the
respondents used mosquito nets as a coping mechanism
and adaptation strategy for the incidence of climate-
sensitive diseases. 51.43% of the respondents indicated
lack of healthcare access as one of the challenges they face
in managing health impacts of climate change in their
household. Based on the study, it is recommended the
government, non-governmental organizations,
communities, women to strengthen health infrastructure,
improve access to healthcare, increase healthcare
personal training and capacity building, strengthen
diseases surveillance system, promotion of water
sanitation and hygiene programs, improve access to clean
water, increase public awareness campaigns, promotion
of climate-smart agricultural practices, focusing on
vulnerable for internation, increase community
engagement, support women’s participation in health
climate adaptation and monitoring and evaluation.
Keywords :
Climate Change, Prevalence, Climate-Sensitive Diseases, Borno State, Nigeria.
References :
- United Nations Framework Convention on climate change; framework for international cooperation to combat climate change by limiting average global temperature increases and addressing its impacts (UNFCCC); 2020.
- United Nations office of Disaster Risk Reduction; works to reduce disaster risks related to climate change (UNDRR); 2021.
- United Nations Environnent Programme, central role in promoting global environmental sustainability, (UNEP) ; 2020.
- United Nations Development Programme (UNDP); Building resilience and reducing emissions while promoting sustainable development. 2023.
- World Meteorological Organization (WMO); scientific expertise related to climate, weather, and atmospheric conditions, and contributes to global climate change monitoring and assessments 2019.
- Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO): Climate impacts in disaster affected areas regions; 2021.
- World Health Organization (WHO): Addressing the health impacts of climate change, including the spread of climate-sensitive diseases and health systems; 2022.
- African Climate Policy Centre (ACPC); United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA); research Approach to help African countries address climate challenges 2022.
- Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD); Climate Prediction and Application Centre (ICPAC);’ 2023
- African Ministerial Conference on the Environment (AMCEN); Resource on facilitates cooperation among African governments on climate change and environmental issues.2016.
- African Development Bank (AfDB); &; Africa Climate Change Fund (ACCF), climate change adaptation and mitigation projects in Africa charter. 2018.
- Southern African Development Community (SADC); addressing climate change through regional cooperation in areas such as agriculture, water resource management, and disaster risk reduction 2017.
- Climate for Development in Africa (ClimDev-Africa); Conference on limited information and strengthen Africa’s capacity to manage climate risks and opportunities. 2019.
- Pan-African Climate Justice Alliance (PACJA); Overview on AFRI- Climate change; raising awareness and mobilizing communities to tackle climate change 2020.
- Nigerian Federal Ministry of Environment, Department of Climate Change; (FMEDCC); addressing environmental issues in Nigerian region. 2017.
- Nigerian Meteorological Agency; (NiMET); forecasts, climate data, and meteorological services; 2024.
- National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency (NESREA); Handbook of environmental laws and regulations to control activities that contribute to climate change; 2019.
- Nigerian Conservation Foundation (NCF); Pamphlets overview of non-governmental approach to environmental conservation and climate change adaptation; .2015.
- National Agency for the Great Green Wall (NAGGW); Great Green Wall Initiative Nigerian charter handbook; 2023
- Energy Commission of Nigeria (ECN); Overview for energy planning and policy and power resources; 2018.
If to say the importance of any element that
increases disease prevalence could be measured by how it
makes population vulnerable to diseases, then, climate
change and its impacts must be mentioned much more
than other direct or indirect causes and determinants of
diseases. For more than a decade, climate change impacts
have been one of the obstinate problems with greater
burden on the public health sector, especially in the
prevalence of climate-sensitive diseases. This study was
explored to investigate the impacts of climate change on
the prevalence of climate-sensitive diseases. The study was
also conducted to investigate the perception and
awareness of the households on climate change. To further
find out and disclose the climate change prevalence of
climate-sensitive diseases, and climate-health related
impacts, and to explore the coping mechanisms and
adaptation to the impact of climate change and climate-
sensitive diseases prevalence respectively. The research
was a mix-method research design. It was conducted in
Bolori 2 ward of Maiduguri Metropolitan council of
Borno state northeast Nigeria. The target population for
study area was 138,875 according to Premier Urgence
Internationale (PUI). The sample size was 383 obtained
using Cochran formula. The instruments for data
collection were meteorological data review for a decade
interval, review of health facility records of climate-
sensitive disease in the study area, and a structured
questionnaire. The data were obtained, analyzed and
presented using tables, frequency, percentage and charts.
The result of the study revealed that there was an increase
in the annual rainfall in the last decade. That’s from 2014
to 2024. The amount of rainfall in 2014 was 450mm per
annum. And 550mm per annum in 2024. This significant
increase in the annual rainfall in Bolori 2 justified the
devastating flood in September 2024 which consumed
nearly 70% of the Maiduguri metropolitan council of
Borno state in northeast Nigeria. Additionally, the result
also shows an increase in the temperature within the last
decade (2014-2024). With 2014 having 30.5 °C and 2024
having 37.1 °C. This difference in temperature of 6.6°C
increases the development cycle of vector-borne disease
malaria. The elevation of temperatures within the last 5 to
10 years increases the proliferation of vibro cholerae, an
agent that causes cholerae. Humidity may not have direct
effects on cholerae, although humid and warmer
environments support bacterial growth which increases
the chances of waterborne diseases outbreak. The health
facility records on climate-sensitive diseases prevalence
indicated that there are long term increases in Malaria
from 14.45 per 1,000 in the year 2014 to an increase up to
28.00 per 1,000 in the year 2024. This implies a 100%
increase in the incidence of malaria disease as the most
recognized climate sensitive diseases in Bolori 2 of
Maiduguri Metropolitan council of Borno state northeast
Nigeria. This also suggests that there is a growing burden
in health, likely induces by climatic factors such as in the
increase in rainfall, temperature which increasing
mosquito breeding. In the prevalence it postulated that
numerous percentages of the population were affected by
malaria in 2014. temperature elevation led to more
incidence of heatwaves which aggravate respiratory
condition such as bronchitis, asthma, and chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Unstable
temperature aid in increase respiratory infections
specifically during dust storm. The increase in humidity
trapped air pollutants worsening air quality and in turn
increase respiratory infections, especially in vulnerable
populations such as Bolori2. The prevalence of cholera
began low as 0.24 per 1,000 in the year 2024. Continues
change in the climate skyrocketed the incidence rate to
2.43 per 1,000 in the year 2024. This is entangled to the
immense weather changing aiding in severe flooding in
2024 that contaminated various water sources from
Maiduguri metropolis down to Bolori 2 instigating
outbreak occurrences. Additionally, the prevalence of
cholera is less in recent years, it became at a peak during
flooding that affected nearly 70% of the Maiduguri city
which affected about 90% of the communities in Bolori 2.
The demographic data on the age of the respondents
revealed that most of the respondents (33.68%) fall
between the age range 36-50. Findings on the gender of
the respondents shows that most of the respondents were
female with 57.38% accounting for 221/383 of the
respondents. On the educational level of the respondents,the findings show that many of the respondents (68.82%)
264/383 possessed tertiary education in Bolori 2. On
occupation of the respondents, it revealed most of the
respondents 46.21% are farmers. on the perceptions of
climate of the Respondents indicated that most of the
respondents (80.67%) have observed changes in weather
conditions within 5-1o year interval. 88.25% of
respondents indicated an increase in climate-sensitive
diseases in their household. 52.74% of the respondents
have affirmed that someone in their household has
experienced malaria disease. 46.73% of the respondents
opine that someone in their household has visited the
health facility several times a month for treatment related
to diseases. On climate-related or climate-sensitive health
impact in Bolori 2. 87.98% of the respondents implied
that extreme weather events such as heatwaves and floods
have contributed to an increase in diseases in the Bolir 2
community. 54.30% of the respondents indicated that
there are regular water shortages in their households.
This implies that most of the respondents 54.30%
indicated that that the change on rainfall pattern which
causes regularly cause water shortages. 54.04% of the
respondents used mosquito nets as a coping mechanism
and adaptation strategy for the incidence of climate-
sensitive diseases. 51.43% of the respondents indicated
lack of healthcare access as one of the challenges they face
in managing health impacts of climate change in their
household. Based on the study, it is recommended the
government, non-governmental organizations,
communities, women to strengthen health infrastructure,
improve access to healthcare, increase healthcare
personal training and capacity building, strengthen
diseases surveillance system, promotion of water
sanitation and hygiene programs, improve access to clean
water, increase public awareness campaigns, promotion
of climate-smart agricultural practices, focusing on
vulnerable for internation, increase community
engagement, support women’s participation in health
climate adaptation and monitoring and evaluation.
Keywords :
Climate Change, Prevalence, Climate-Sensitive Diseases, Borno State, Nigeria.
