Authors : Tabi Afuge Japhet; Tendongfor Nicholas; Asu Carine Ndum

Volume/Issue : Volume 10 - 2025, Issue 3 - March

Google Scholar : https://tinyurl.com/3bwx33ws

Scribd : https://tinyurl.com/2wt8kzrn

DOI : https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/25mar1756

Google Scholar

Note : A published paper may take 4-5 working days from the publication date to appear in PlumX Metrics, Semantic Scholar, and ResearchGate.

Note : Google Scholar may take 15 to 20 days to display the article.

Abstract : People with disabilities are exposed to a wide range of physical and psychological symptoms that include pain, depression, pressure ulcers and urinary tract infections as well as lifestyle changes because of their condition and because of the physical and psychological barriers they face in life. The study aimed to measure the impact of a health education intervention on the prevention and self-management of secondary conditions among people with mobility impairment. This was a quasi-experimental intervention study in which people with mobility impairment received health education on self- care management and prevention of secondary conditions and were evaluated six months later. Quantitative data were collected and compared with the baseline study using the Chi-square test. The data was analyzed in SPSS version 27. Study findings showed there was a significant improvement in self-efficacy as 24 (85.71%) of the participants had good self-efficacy post-intervention (χ2=42.55, p<0.001). There was an improvement in symptoms. Pain severity improved to mild post- intervention (χ 2=43.08, p<0.001). Depression levels dropped from high (67.68%) to low (96.43%) (χ 2=47.47, p<0.001). Of the 35.7% of participants with pressure ulcers pre-intervention, 3.57% had pressure ulcers post-intervention (χ 2=9.16, p=0.002). Findings also showed a significant reduction in the risks of developing secondary conditions. After the intervention, only 1 (3.57%) had a high risk of developing pressure ulcers (χ 2=62.26, p<0.001). Healthcare costs were reduced from high to low post-intervention (χ 2=56.00, p<0.001) in all participants. Health-related quality of life improved significantly from fair 14.36% and poor 85.7% to good in all participants after the intervention (χ 2=68.37, p<0.001). The study findings suggest that self-management interventions are an effective way of preventing and managing secondary conditions. The findings showed significant improvements in symptoms, health-related quality of life, and reduced healthcare costs.

Keywords : Primary Disability, Secondary Conditions, Mobility Impairment, Prevention, Self-Management.

References :

1. Angwenyi, V., Bunders‐Aelen, J., Criel, B., Lazarus, J. V., & Aantjes, C. (2021). An evaluation of self‐management outcomes among chronic care patients in community home‐based care programmes in rural Malawi: A 12‐month follow‐up study. Health & Social Care in the Community, 29(2), 353. https://doi.org/10.1111/hsc.13094
2. Bailey, R. R. (2017). Goal Setting and Action Planning for Health Behavior Change. American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine, 13(6), 615. https://doi.org/10.1177/1559827617729634
3. Bandura 1977.pdf. (n.d.). Retrieved March 25, 2025, from https://educational-innovation.sydney.edu.au/news/pdfs/Bandura%201977.pdf
4. Bauman, W. A., Korsten, M. A., Radulovic, M., Schilero, G. J., Wecht, J. M., & Spungen, A. M. (2012). 31st G. Heiner Sell Lectureship: Secondary Medical Consequences of Spinal Cord Injury. Topics in Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation, 18(4), 354. https://doi.org/10.1310/sci1804-354
5. Bennett, M. I., Mulvey, M. R., Campling, N., Latter, S., Richardson, A., Bekker, H., Blenkinsopp, A., Carder, P., Closs, J., Farrin, A., Flemming, K., Gallagher, J., Meads, D., Morley, S., O’Dwyer, J., Wright-Hughes, A., & Hartley, S. (2017). Making action plans. In Self-management toolkit and delivery strategy for end-of-life pain: The mixed-methods feasibility study: Vol. 21.76. NIHR Journals Library. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470120/
6. Benzo, M. V., Kelpin, S. S., Werneburg, B., Hoult, J., Clark, M. M., Novotny, P., & Benzo, R. (2022). Patient Engagement in Health Coaching and Self-Management Abilities in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine, 18(2), 243. https://doi.org/10.1177/15598276221120523
7. Bodenheimer, T., K, L., H, H., & K, G. (2002). Patient self-management of chronic disease in primary care. JAMA, 288(19). https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.288.19.2469
8. Cannata, G., Douryang, M., Ljoka, C., Giordani, L., Monticone, M., & Foti, C. (2022). The Burden of Disability in Africa and Cameroon: A Call for Optimizing the Education in Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine. Frontiers in Rehabilitation Sciences, 3, 873362. https://doi.org/10.3389/fresc.2022.873362
9. Chan, L., Shumway-Cook, A., Yorkston, K. M., Ciol, M. A., Dudgeon, B. J., & Hoffman, J. M. (2005). Design and Validation of a Methodology Using the International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision, to Identify Secondary Conditions in People With Disabilities. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 86(5), 1065–1069. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2004.11.011
10. Chevalier, J. M., & Buckles, D. J. (2013). Participatory Action Research: Theory and Methods for Engaged Inquiry. Routledge.
11. Driver, S. J., Froehlich-Grobe, K., & Sanches, K. D. (2016). Self-Management Interventions to Prevent Depression in People with Mobility Limitations. Rehabilitation Process and Outcome. https://doi.org/10.4137/RPO.S39720
12. Effing, T., Monninkhof, E. M., Valk, P. van der, Palen, J. van der, Herwaarden, C. van, Partidge, M. R., Walters, E. H., & Zielhuis, G. A. (2007). Self-management education for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. COCHRANE DATABASE OF SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS, 4. https://findanexpert.unimelb.edu.au/scholarlywork/1733931-self-management-education-for-patients-with-chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease
13. England, N. H. S. (2023). NHS England » Supported self-management: Health coaching guide. https://www.england.nhs.uk/long-read/health-coaching/
14. Froehlich-Grobe, K., Driver, S. J., & Sanches, K. D. (2016). Self-Management Interventions to Prevent the Secondary Condition of Pain in People with Disability Due to Mobility Limitations. Rehabilitation Process and Outcome. https://doi.org/10.4137/RPO.S12339
15. Huang, B., Willard-Grace, R., Vore, D. D., Wolf, J., Chirinos, C., Tsao, S., Hessler, D., Su, G., & Thom, D. H. (2017). Health coaching to improve self-management and quality of life for low income patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): Protocol for a randomized controlled trial. BMC Pulmonary Medicine, 17, 90. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12890-017-0433-3
16. Huang, Y., Li, S., Lu, X., Chen, W., & Zhang, Y. (2024). The Effect of Self-Management on Patients with Chronic Diseases: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Healthcare, 12(21), 2151. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12212151
17. Huang, Z., & Ying Chair, S. (2022). Effectiveness of nurse-led self-care interventions on self-care behaviours, self-efficacy, depression and illness perceptions in people with heart failure: A systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 132, 104255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2022.104255
18. Jeffrey D. Fisher & William A. Fisher. (2002). Information-Motivation- Behavioural Skills model. In Emerging Theories In Health Promotion Practice And Research (1st Edition, pp. 40–63). Jossey Bass.
19. kemp Bryan. (2006). Read “Workshop on Disability in America: A New Look: Summary and Background Papers” at NAP.edu. National Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/11579
20. Kinne, S., Patrick, D. L., & Doyle, D. L. (2004). Prevalence of Secondary Conditions Among People With Disabilities. American Journal of Public Health, 94(3), 443. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.94.3.443
21. Kinne Susan. (2008). Distribution of secondary medical problems, impairments, and participation limitations among adults with disabilities and their relationship to health and other outcomes. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/49649950_Distribution_of_secondary_medical_problems_impairments_and_participation_limitations_among_adults_with_disabilities_and_their_relationship_to_health_and_other_outcomes
22. Limbe City Council. (2024). Presentation of the city of Limbe. https://limbe.cm/presentation-of-the-city-of-limbe.html
23. Marge Michael. (1988). Health Promotion for Persons with Disabilities: Moving beyond Rehabilitation—Michael Marge, 1988. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.4278/0890-1171-2.4.29?icid=int.sj-abstract.similar-articles.9
24. Mc Sharry, J., Olander, E. K., & French, D. P. (2015). Do single and multiple behavior change interventions contain different behavior change techniques? A comparison of interventions targeting physical activity in obese populations. Health Psychology, 34(9), 960–965. https://doi.org/10.1037/hea0000185
25. Meader, N., King, K., Wright, K., Graham, H. M., Petticrew, M., Power, C., White, M., & Sowden, A. J. (2017). Multiple Risk Behavior Interventions: Meta-analyses of RCTs. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 53(1), e19–e30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2017.01.032
26. Melin, J., Fors, A., Jakobsson, S., Krabbe, D., & Björkman, I. (2023). Self-Efficacy to Manage Chronic Disease (SEMCD) scale: Translation and evaluation of measurement properties for a swedish version. Archives of Public Health, 81(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13690-022-01022-x
27. My, L., Mf, L., Lf, H., & Ps, T. (2017). Effects of self-management on chronic kidney disease: A meta-analysis. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2017.06.008
28. MyHealthAlberta- healthwise staff. (2023). Pain Rating Scale. https://myhealth.alberta.ca:443/Health/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=stp1310&
29. Okpako, T., Woodward, A., Walters, K., Davies, N., Stevenson, F., Nimmons, D., Chew-Graham, C. A., Protheroe, J., & Armstrong, M. (2023). Effectiveness of self-management interventions for long-term conditions in people experiencing socio-economic deprivation in high-income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Public Health, 45(4), 970–1041. https://doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdad145
30. Pilusa, S. I., Myezwa, H., & Potterton, J. (2022). Services and interventions needed to prevent secondary health conditions throughout the life span of people with spinal cord injury, South Africa. African Journal of Disability, 11(0), Article 0. https://doi.org/10.4102/ajod.v11i0.881
31. Pilusa Sonti, Myezwa Helen, & Joanne Potterton. (2021). Experiences of secondary health conditions amongst people with spinal cord injury in South Africa: A qualitative study. ResearchGate. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/349956655_Experiences_of_secondary_health_conditions_amongst_people_with_spinal_cord_injury_in_South_Africa_A_qualitative_study
32. Prochaska, J. J., & Prochaska, J. O. (2011). A Review of Multiple Health Behavior Change Interventions for Primary Prevention. American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine, 5(3). https://doi.org/10.1177/1559827610391883
33. Ravesloot, C., Tom Seekins, Meg Traci, Tracy Boehm, Glen White, Mary Helen Witten, Mary Helen Witten, & Jude Monson. (2016). Living Well with a Disability, a Self-Management Program. MMWR Supplements, 65(01), 61–67. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.su6501a10
34. Redmond B.F. (2010). Edmond. B.F (2010). Self- efficacy Theory: Do I Think that I can succeed in my work? Work attitudes and motivations. The Pennsylvania state University;—Google Search. https://www.google.com/search?client=firefox-b-d&sca_esv=964c06b08b6f7b4c&q=edmond.+B.F+(2010).+Self-+efficacy+Theory:+Do+I+Think+that+I+can+succeed+in+my+work?+Work+attitudes+and+motivations.+The+Pennsylvania+state+University;&spell=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj_zMOQ6qeMAxUoVEEAHd-5LEUQBSgAegQIEBAB&biw=1520&bih=724&dpr=1.25
35. Reid, M. C., Papaleontiou, M., Ong, A., Breckman, R., Wethington, E., & Pillemer, K. (2008). Self-Management Strategies to Reduce Pain and Improve Function among Older Adults in Community Settings: A Review of the Evidence. Pain Medicine (Malden, Mass.), 9(4), 409. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-4637.2008.00428.x
36. ResearchGate. (2024). Fig. 1. Map of Limbe in the Southwest Region-Cameroon. ResearchGate. https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Map-of-Limbe-in-the-Southwest-Region-Cameroon_fig1_377101789
37. Rimmer, J., Md, C., & K, H. (2011). A conceptual model for identifying, preventing, and managing secondary conditions in people with disabilities. Physical Therapy, 91(12). https://doi.org/10.2522/ptj.20100410
38. Shakespeare T, Bright T, & Kupper H. (2018). Access to health for persons with disabilities. | InfoNTD. Office of the United NationsHigh Commissioner for Human Rights. https://www.infontd.org/resource/access-health-persons-disabilities
39. Turk Margarate. (2006). Appendix J Secondary Conditions and Disability—Margaret A. Turk | Workshop on Disability in America: A New Look: Summary and Background Papers | The National Academies Press. https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/11579/chapter/13
40. WHO. (2001). Https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/41003/9241541261_eng.pdf;jsessionid=8554787C093098BDE19874B4383E8768?sequence=1. https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/41003/9241541261_eng.pdf;jsessionid=8554787C093098BDE19874B4383E8768?sequence=1
41. WHO. (2024). Self-care for health and well-being. https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/self-care-for-health-and-well-being
42. WHO & World Bank. (2011). World Report on Disability. https://www.who.int/teams/noncommunicable-diseases/sensory-functions-disability-and-rehabilitation/world-report-on-disability
43. Wu, S.-F. V., Hsieh, N.-C., Lin, L.-J., & Tsai, J.-M. (2016). Prediction of self-care behaviour on the basis of knowledge about chronic kidney disease using self-efficacy as a mediator. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 25(17–18), 2609–2618. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.13305
44. Zengul, A., Evans, E. J., Cherrington, A., Mehta, T., & Thirumalai, M. (2023). Self-management interventions for people with physical disabilities who have chronic conditions: A scoping review. Technology and Disability, 35(2). https://doi.org/10.3233/TAD-220388