Authors : Robert Asaanbilla Awini; Ampadu Boateng; Steve Ampofo; Melvin Guy Adonadaga

Volume/Issue : Volume 10 - 2025, Issue 6 - June

Google Scholar : https://tinyurl.com/5n67skws

DOI : https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/25jun619

Note : A published paper may take 4-5 working days from the publication date to appear in PlumX Metrics, Semantic Scholar, and ResearchGate.

Note : Google Scholar may take 30 to 40 days to display the article.

Abstract : The environmental challenges anticipated are increasingly driven by shifts in land use and land cover (LULC), coupled with climate change—two pivotal factors shaping global water resources, with Ghana being no exception. These transformations influence water availability, quality, and quantity, consequently impacting agriculture, ecosystems, and human well-being. This review delves into the intricate link between LULC alterations, climate variability, and their combined repercussions on Ghana’s water resources through a systematic review methodology. The study synthesizes existing literature on LULC and climate change as dual environmental influences on water systems, alongside adaptation and mitigation strategies designed to address their effects in Ghana. It explores the root causes and evolving patterns of LULC shifts, assesses climate change-induced hydrological changes, and evaluates strategic responses for managing these challenges.

Keywords : Adaptation, Climate, Dynamics, Environment, Ghana, Hydrology, Implication, Land use, Land Cover, Mitigation, Systematic Review, Water Resource.

References :

1. Abdallah, C. K. (2018). Water Quality Assessment of Irrigation Water Used by Informal Peri Urban Vegetable Irrigation Farmers: The Case of Tamale Metropolis, Ghana (Master's thesis). http://repository.pauwes-cop.net/handle/1/269
2. Abungba, Joachim Ayiiwe, et al. "Implications of Land Use/Land Cover changes and climate change on black volta basin future water resources in Ghana." Sustainability 14.19 (2022): 12383. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141912383
3. Acheampong, Collins. Assessing the Response of Hydrological Processes to Climate Change in The Pra River Basin, Ghana. Ms Thesis. Pauwes, 2021. https://repository.pauwes-cop.net/handle/1/447
4. Acheampong, E. N., Swilling, M., & Urama, K. (2016). Sustainable urban water system transitions through management reforms in Ghana. Water resources management, 30, 1835-1849. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11269-016-1256-3
5. Acheampong, E. N. (2020). Stakeholder engagement in sustainable urban water management in the Accra Metropolis, Ghana (Doctoral dissertation, Stellenbosch: Stellenbosch University). https://scholar.sun.ac.za/handle/10019.1/108396
6. Acheampong, Emmanuel Opoku, et al. "Deforestation is driven by agricultural expansion in Ghana's forest reserves." Scientific African 5 (2019): e00146. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2468227619307070
7. Addae, B., & Oppelt, N. (2019). Land-use/land-cover change analysis and urban growth modelling in the Greater Accra Metropolitan Area (GAMA), Ghana. Urban Science, 3(1), 26. https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci3010026
8. Adade, R. (2024). Risk and adaptation behaviour to sea-level rise in coastal rural communities in ghana. https://wascal.futminna.edu.ng/wpcontent/uploads/2024/10/Richard_Adade_EDITED_PhD_02_01_24_complete.pdf
9. Adjei, B., Tudzi, E. P., Owusu-Ans ah, A., Kidido, J. K., & Durán-Díaz, P. (2024). The impacts of mining industries on land tenure in Ghana: a comprehensive systematic literature review. Land, 13(9), 1386. https://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/13/9/1386
10. Adongo, T. A., Kyei-Baffour, N., Abagale, F. K., & Agyare, W. A. (2020). Assessment of reservoir sedimentation of irrigation dams in northern Ghana. Lake and Reservoir Management, 36(1), 87-105. https://doi.org/10. 11080/1042381.2019.1659461
11. Adorsu-Djentuh, F. Y. (2018). Implementation of Environmental Sanitation Policies: Assessing the Role of Local Actors in ghana. The University of Manchester (United Kingdom). https://search.proquest.com/openview/c533fb847a83d9c3e08c7e75001c944b/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=51922&diss=y
12. Adranyi, E., Stringer, L. C., & Altink, H. (2024). Artisanal and small-scale gold mining governance and cross-sectoral policy coherence in Ghana. Resources Policy, 96, 105235. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301420724006020
13. Adu, M. O., Yawson, D. O., Abano, E. E., Asare, P. A., Armah, F. A., & Opoku, E. K. (2019). Does water-saving irrigation improve the quality of fruits and vegetables? Evidence from meta-analysis. Irrigation Science, 37, 669-690. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00271.019-00646-2
14. Aduah, Michael S., Graham PW Jewitt, and Michele LW Toucher. "Assessing impacts of land use changes on the hydrology of a lowland rainforest catchment in Ghana, West Africa." Water 10.1 (2017): 9. https://doi.org/10.3390/w10010009
15. Adu-Baffour, F., Daum, T., & Birner, R. (2021). Governance challenges of small-scale gold mining in Ghana: Insights from a process net-map study. Land Use Policy, 102, 105271. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264837720326090
16. Adu-Boahen, K., Addai, M. O., Hayford, S. C., Adjovu, E. T., Yeboah, D. O., & Mensah, P. (2023). Human-environment nexus: evaluating the anthropo-geomorphology and urban expansion of the Weija Gbawe Municipality, Ghana. Discover Environment, 1(1), 21. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s44274-023-00022-0
17. Agbeti, J. A. (2023). Sustainable conservation of Sakumo wetlands for social and environmental benefits (Doctoral dissertation). https://doi.org/10.48526/rgu-wt-2270664
18. Agodzo, Sampson K., Enoch Bessah, and Mexoese Nyatuame. "A review of the water resources of Ghana in a changing climate and anthropogenic stresses." Frontiers in Water 4 (2023): 973825. http://doi.org/10.3389/frwa.2022.973825
19. Ahialey, E. K., Kabo–Bah, A. T., & Gyamfi, S. (2023). Impacts of LULC and climate changes on hydropower generation and development: A systematic review. Heliyon, 9(11). https://www.cell.com/heliyon/fulltext/S2405-8440(23)08455-4
20. Akapali, M., Ansah, T., Abdul-Rahman, I. I., Alenyorege, B., & Baatuuwie, B. N. (2018). Seasonal changes in pasture biomass and grazing behaviour of cattle in the Guinea Savanna agroecological zone of Ghana. African Journal of Range & Forage Science, 35(2), 101-108. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.2989/10220119.2018.1480526
21. Akhtar, N., Syakir Ishak, M. I., Bhawani, S. A., & Umar, K. (2021). Various natural and anthropogenic factors responsible for water quality degradation: A review. Water, 13(19), 2660. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13192660
22. Akpoti, Komlavi, Eric Ofosu Antwi, and Amos T. Kabo-bah. "Impacts of rainfall variability, land use and land cover change on stream flow of the black Volta Basin, West Africa." Hydrology 3.3 (2016): 26. https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology3030026
23. Amengor, J. K. (2024). An Investigation of Heavy Metal Pollution Impact on Drinking Water Quality in the Birim River Sub-Basin of Ghana. https://hdl.handle.net/1880/117949
24. Amisigo, Barnabas A., Alyssa McCluskey, and Richard Swanson. "Modeling impact of climate change on water resources and agriculture demand in the Volta Basin and other basin systems in Ghana." Sustainability 7.6 (2015): 6957-6975. https://doi.org/10.3390/su7066957
25. Amisigo, Barnabas A., Alyssa McCluskey, and Richard Swanson. "Modeling impact of climate change on water resources and agriculture demand in the Volta Basin and other basin systems in Ghana." Sustainability 7.6 (2015): 6957-6975. https://doi.org/10.3390/su7066957
26. Ampadu, B. (2021). Overview of hydrological and climatic studies in Africa: the case of Ghana.Cogent Engineering, 8(1),1914288.https://doi.org/10.1080/2331916.2021.1914288
27. Ampim, P. A., Ogbe, M., Obeng, E., Akley, E. K., & MacCarthy, D. S. (2021). Land cover changes in Ghana over the past 24 years. Sustainability, 13(9), 4951. https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/13/9/4951
28. Ampim, P. A., Ogbe, M., Obeng, E., Akley, E. K., & MacCarthy, D. S. (2021). Land cover changes in Ghana over the past 24 years. Sustainability, 13(9), 4951. https://doi.org/10.3390/su309495
29. Ampim, P.A.Y.; Ogbe, M.; Obeng, E.; Akley, E.K.; MacCarthy, D.S. Land Cover Changes in Ghana over the Past 24 Years. Sustainability 2021, 13, 4951. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13094
30. Amuah, E. E. Y., Boadu, J. A., & Nandomah, S. (2022). Emerging issues and approaches to protecting and sustaining surface and groundwater resources: emphasis on Ghana. Groundwater for Sustainable Development, 16, 100705. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352801X21001624
31. Andreini, Marc, Paul Vlek, and Nick Van De Giesen. "Water sharing in the Volta basin." FRIEND 2002- Regional Hydrology: Bridging the Gap Between Research and Practice 274 (2002): 329-336. https://www.academia.edu/download/30664746/iahs_273_329pdf
32. Ankomah-Baffoe, Justice, David Oscar Yawson, and Daniel Okae-Anti. "Assessment of the impacts of climate change on some hydrological processes of the Densu River Basin, Ghana." Ghana Journal of Geography 13.1 (2021): 147-166. https://doi.org/10.4314/gig.v13i1.8
33. Antwi, E. K., Boakye-Danquah, J., Asabere, S. B., Yiran, G. A., Loh, S. K., Awere, K. G., ... & Owusu, A. B. (2014). Land use and landscape structural changes in the ecoregions of Ghana. Journal of Disaster Research, 9(4), 452-467. https://doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2014.p0452
34. Antwi-Agyei, Philip, et al. "Drivers and coping mechanisms for floods: experiences of residents in urban Kumasi, Ghana." Natural Hazards 116.2 (2023): 2477-2500. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11069-022-05775-0
35. Appiah, M., Blay, D., Damnyag, L., Dwomoh, F. K., Pappinen, A., & Luukkanen, O. (2009). Dependence on forest resources and tropical deforestation in Ghana. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 11, 471-487. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10668-007-9125-0
36. Appiah, Michael, and Regina Naa Amua Dodoo. "A co-integration approach to the study of economic growth and environmental impact in Ghana." Growth 38.2 (2020). https://management-review.nmims.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/MR-complete-31-47.pdf
37. Armah, F. A., Luginaah, I. N., Taabazuing, J., & Odoi, J. O. (2013). Artisanal gold mining and surface water pollution in Ghana: have the foreign invaders come to stay? Environmental justice, 6(3), 94-102. https://doi.org/doi.org/10.1089/env.2013.0006
38. Asabere, S. B., Acheampong, R. A., Ashiagbor, G., Beckers, S. C., Keck, M., Erasmi, S., ... & Sauer, D. (2020). Urbanization, land use transformation and spatio-environmental impacts: Analyses of trends and implications in major metropolitan regions of Ghana. Land use policy, 96, 104707. https://doi.org/10. 1016/j.landusepol.2020.104707
39. Asante, F. A., & Amuakwa-Mensah, F. (2014). Climate change and variability in Ghana: Stocktaking. Climate, 3(1), 78-101. https://www.mdpi.com/2225-1154/3/1/78
40. Asare, E. A. (2021). Impact of the illegal gold mining activities on Pra River of Ghana on the distribution of potentially toxic metals and naturally occurring radioactive elements in agricultural land soils. Chemistry Africa, 4(4), 1051-1068. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s42250-021-00285-1
41. Asibey, M. O., Agyeman, K. O., Amponsah, O., & Ansah, T. (2020). Patterns of land use, crop and forest cover change in the Ashanti region, Ghana. Journal of Sustainable Forestry, 39(1), 35-im60. https://doi.org/10.1080/10549811.2019.1608453.2019.1608453
42. Asori, M., Mpobi, R. K. J., Morgan, A. K., Apoanaba, T. A., Katey, D., Ampofo, S. T., ... & Appiah, D. O. (2023). Is illegal mining socio-politically entrenched? An opinion piece of the interaction between formal politics and chief dominance in mineral governance, and its influence on fighting Galamsey in Ghana. GeoJournal, 88(2), 1953-1963. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s42250-021-00285-1
43. Assefa, T., Jha, M., Reyes, M., Tilahun, S., & Worqlul, A. W. (2019). Experimental evaluation of conservation agriculture with drip irrigation for water productivity in sub-Saharan Africa. Water, 11(3), 530. https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/11/3/530
44. Asuamah Yeboah, S. (2023). Digging deeper: The impact of illegal mining on economic growth and development in Ghana. https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/id/eprint/117641
45. Atulley, J., Kwaku, A. A., Owusu-Ansah, E. D., Ampofo, S., Jacob, A., & Nii, O. S. (2022). Modeling the impact of past and future land cover changes on a reservoir catchment hydrology in Semi-arid, Africa. https://doi.org/doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1505575/vi
46. Awotwi, A., Anornu, G.K., Quaye-Ballard, J.A., Annor, T., Forkuo, E.K., Harris, E., Agyekum, J., & Terlabie, J.L. (2019). Water balance responses to land-use/land-cover changes in the Pra River Basin of Ghana, 1986–2025. CATENA. https://doi.org/j.CATENA.2019.104129
47. Babaremu, K., Taiwo, O., & Ajayi, D. (2024). Impacts of Land Use and Land Cover Changes on Hydrological Response. TWIST, 19(1), 256-267. https://twistjournal.net/twist/article/view/170
48. Bazaanah, Prosper. "Sustainability of Rural Communities Drinking Water Systems and Local Development Projects in the Bole, West and Central Gonja Districts of the Savannah Region, Ghana." Review of Social Sciences 4.1 (2019): 16-25. https://doi.org/10.1533/rss.4411.140
49. Bessah, E., Raji, A. O., Taiwo, O. J., Agodzo, S. K., Ololade, O. O., Strapasson, A., & Donkor, E. (2021). Assessment of surface waters and pollution impacts in Southern Ghana. Hydrology Research, 52(6), 1423-1435. https://iwaponline.com/hr/article-abstract/52/6/1423/85022
50. Bieber, Niclas, et al. "Sustainable planning of the energy-water-food nexus using decision making tools." Energy Policy 113 (2018): 584-607. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2017.11.037
51. Boakye, E., Anyemedu, F. O. K., Quaye-Ballard, J. A., & Donkor, E. A. (2020). Spatio-temporal analysis of land use/cover changes in the Pra River Basin, Ghana. Applied Geomatics, 12, 83-93. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12518-019-0019-00278-3
52. Boateng, I., Mitchell, S., Couceiro, F., & Failler, P. (2020). An investigation into the impacts of climate change on anthropogenic polluted coastal lagoons in Ghana. Coastal Management, 48(6), 601-622. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/08920753.2020.1803565
53. Booth, A., Papaioannou, D., & Sutton, A. (2021). Systematic approaches to a successful literature review. SAGE. https://www.torrossa.com/it/resources/an/5282271#
54. Borenstein, M., Hedges, L. V., Higgins, J. P. T., & Rothstein, H. R. (2009). Introduction to meta-analysis. John Wiley & Sons. https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=2550747576836529289&hl=en&oi=scholarr
55. Braimoh, A. K., & Vlek, P. L. (2005). Land-cover change trajectories in Northern Ghana. Environmental Management, 36, 356-373. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00267-004-0283-7
56. Brobbey, L. K., Agyei, F. K., & Osei-Tutu, P. (2020). Drivers of cocoa encroachment into protected forests: the case of three forest reserves in Ghana. International Forestry Review, 22(4), 425-437. https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/cfa/ifr/2020/00000022/00000004/art00001
57. CASP. (2018). Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) Checklist. Available at: https://casp-uk.net/
58. Di Sacco, A., Hardwick, K. A., Blakesley, D., Brancalion, P. H., Breman, E., Cecilio Rebola, L., ... & Antonelli, A. (2021). Ten golden rules for reforestation to optimize carbon sequestration, biodiversity recovery and livelihood benefits. Global Change Biology, 27(7), 1328-1348. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/gcb.15498
59. Dixon-Woods, M., Agarwal, S., Jones, D., Young, B., & Sutton, A. (2005). Synthesising qualitative and quantitative evidence: a review of possible methods. Journal of health services research & policy, 10(1), 45-53. https://doi.org/10.1177/13558196050100010
60. Djenontin, I. N. S., Foli, S., & Zulu, L. C. (2018). Revisiting the factors shaping outcomes for forest and landscape restoration in Sub-Saharan Africa: A way forward for policy, practice and research. Sustainability, 10(4), 906. https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/10/4/906
61. Dorm-Adzobu, C., & Ampomah, B. Y. (2014). Legislative and institutional reforms for water resources management in Ghana. International Journal of Water Resources Development, 30(3), 559-571. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07900627.2013.837359
62. ECA, U., ECE, U., ECLAC, U., ESCAP, U., ESCWA, U., & World Health Organization (WHO. (2020). Water and climate change. unesco. https://repository.unescap.org/handle/20.500.12870/7402
63. Eduful, M. K. (2014). Impacts of urban land use change on sources of drinking water in Kumasi, Ghana, University of Montana. https://scholrworks.umt.edu/4219
64. Effah, Elizabeth. Assessment of vulnerability of assets and livelihoods to climate variability for adaptation planning in a coastal community in Ghana. Diss. University of Cape Coast, 2014. https://hdl.handle.net/12456789/2602
65. Elliott, J. (2005). Using narrative in social research: Qualitative and quantitative approaches. https://doi.org/www.torrossa.com/en/resource/an/4918882
66. Emmanuel, A. Y., Jerry, C. S., & Dzigbodi, D. A. (2018). Review of environmental and health impacts of mining in Ghana. Journal of Health and Pollution, 8(17), 43-52. https://meridian.allenpress.com/jhp/article/8/17/43/67530
67. Fagariba, Clifford James, Shaoxian Song, and Serge Kévin Gildas Soule Baoro. "Climate change in Upper East Region of Ghana; challenges existing in farming practices and new mitigation policies." Open Agriculture 3.1 (2018): 524-536. https://doi.org/1047125/opag-2018-0057
68. Fagariba, Clifford James, Shaoxian Song, and Serge Soule. "Factors influencing farmers’ climate change adaptation in Northern Ghana: Evidence from subsistence farmers in sissala west, Ghana." Journal of Environmental Science and Management 21.1 (2018). https://doi.org/10.47125/jesm/208/06
69. Forestry Commission of Ghana. (2018). "Forest and Water Resource Management: A Framework for Sustainable Development." Accra: FCG. www.fcg.gh
70. Frimpong, Bernard Fosu, Addo Koranteng, and Fosu Senior Opoku. "Analysis of urban expansion and its impact on temperature utilising remote sensing and GIS techniques in the Accra Metropolis in Ghana (1986–2022)." SN Applied Sciences 5.8 (2023): 225. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s42452-023-05439-z
71. Frimpong, F., Asante, M. D., Peprah, C. O., Amankwaa-Yeboah, P., Danquah, E. O., Ribeiro, P. F., ... & Botey, H. M. (2023). Water-smart farming: Review of strategies, technologies, and practices for sustainable agricultural water management in a changing climate in West Africa. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 7, 1110179. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2023.1110179
72. Frimpong, J., Adamtey, R., Pedersen, A. B., Wahaga, E., Jensen, A., Obuobie, E., & Ampomah, B. (2021). A review of the design and implementation of Ghana's National Water Policy (2007). Water Policy, 23(5), 1170-1188. https://iwaponline.com/wp/article-abstract/23/5/1170/83134
73. Gantulga, N., Iimaa, T., Batmunkh, M., Surenjav, U., Tserennadmin, E., Turmunkh, T., ... & Dorjsuren, B. (2023). Impacts of natural and anthropogenic factors on soil erosion. Proceedings of the Mongolian Academy of Sciences, 3-18. https://doi.org/10.5564/pmas.v63i02.1416
74. Gbangou, T., Ludwig, F., van Slobbe, E., Greuell, W., & Kranjac-Berisavljevic, G. (2020). Rainfall and dry spell occurrence in Ghana: Trends and seasonal predictions with a dynamical and a statistical model. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 141, 371-387. https://10.1007/s00704-020-03012-5
75. Gbedzi, D. D., Ofosu, E. A., Mortey, E. M., Obiri-Yeboah, A., Nyantakyi, E. K., Siabi, E. K., ... & Amankwah-Minkah, A. (2022). Impact of mining on land use land cover change and water quality in the Asutifi North District of Ghana, West Africa. Environmental Challenges, 6, 100441. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envc.2022.100441
76. Ghana Irrigation Development Authority (GIDA). (2020). Irrigation in Ghana: Resilience and Adaptation Measures. www.gida.gh
77. Ghana Meteorological Agency (GMet). (2021). Early Warning Systems for Climate-Resilient Water Management. Accra: GM. www.gmet.gh
78. Ghana Meteorological Agency, "Annual Climate and Hydrological Data Report," 2021.
79. Ghana Statistical Service, "Population Growth and Land Use Report," 2020.
80. Gichuki, L., Brouwer, R., Davies, J., Vidal, A., Kuzee, M., Magero, C., ... & Gilbey, B. (2019). Reviving land and restoring landscapes. IUCN.
81. Glatzel, K., Virchow, D., Nakitto, A. M. S., Niyonsenga, S., Babu, S., Srivastava, N., ... & Osano, P. (2024). Bioeconomy Pathways: Experience from Africa, Asia, and Latin America. https://www.resakss.org/sites/default/files/2024_ator_individual_chapters/Chapter%209_ReSAKSS_AW_ATOR_2024.pdf
82. Gordon, C., Nukpezah, D., Tweneboah-Lawson, E., Ofori, B. D., Yirenya-Tawiah, D., Pabi, O., ... & Mensah, A. M. (2013). 5.19 West Africa–Water Resources Vulnerability Using a Multidimensional Approach: Case Study of Volta Basin. Climate vulnerability: understanding and addressing threats to essential resources, pp. 283e309. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-384703-4.00518-9
83. Gyasi, E. A., Kranjac-Berisavljevic, G., Fosu, M., Mensah, A. M., Yiran, G., & Fuseini, I. (2014). Managing threats and opportunities of urbanisation for urban and peri-urban agriculture in Tamale, Ghana. The security of water, food, energy and liveability of cities: Challenges and opportunities for peri-urban futures, 87-97. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-94-017-8878-6_7
84. Gyau-Boakye, P., & Biney, C. A. (2002). Management of freshwater bodies in Ghana. Water international, 27(4), 476-484. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508060208687035
85. Haddaway, N. R., Collins, A. M., Coughlin, D., & Kirk, S. (2015). The role of Google Scholar in evidence reviews and its applicability to grey literature searching. PLOS ONE, 10(9), e0138237. https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0138237
86. Higgins, J. P. T., Altman, D. G., & Sterne, J. A. C. (2008). Assessing risk of bias in included studies. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. https:/doi.org/10. 1002/97804712184.ch8
87. Howard, G., Calow, R., Macdonald, A., & Bartram, J. (2016). Climate change and water and sanitation: likely impacts and emerging trends for action. Annual review of environment and resources, 41(1), 253-276. https://doi.org/10. 1515/ffp-2015-0010
88. IPCC, "Climate Change Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability: Africa," IPCC Report, 2021.Journal of Urban Planning and Water Management, 15(4), 302-318.
89. Jewess, Hannah. Impacts of Climate Change on Water Security in Ghana. MS thesis. Villanova University, 2023. Impacts of Climate Change on Water Security in Ghana- ProQuest
90. Journal of Health and Pollution Home Kabo-Bah, A. T., Diji, C. J., Nokoe, K., Mulugetta, Y., Obeng-Ofori, D., & Akpoti, K. (2016). Multiyear rainfall and temperature trends in the Volta river basin and their potential impact on hydropower generation in Ghana. Climate, 4(4), 49. https://doi.org/10.3390/cli4040049
91. Kayaga, S. M., Amankwaa, E. F., Gough, K. V., Wilby, R. L., Abarike, M. A., Codjoe, S. N., ... & Griffiths, P. (2021). Cities and extreme weather events: impact of flooding and extreme heat on water and electricity services in Ghana. Environment and Urbanization, 33(1), 131-150. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956247820952030
92. Kleemann, J. (2018). An expert‐based ecosystem services assessment under land use and land cover changes and different climate scenarios in northern Ghana, West Africa (Doctoral dissertation, Universitäts-und Landesbibliothek Sachsen-Anhalt). https://repo.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/handle/1981185920/13654
93. Klutse, N. A. B., Owusu, K., Nkrumah, F., & Anang, O. A. (2021). Projected rainfall changes and their implications for rainfed agriculture in northern Ghana. Weather, 76(10), 340-347. https://doi.org/10.1002/wea.4015
94. Koomson, P. (2024). Participating under constraints: roles and limitations of rural women’s involvement in climate change adaptation planning and implementation in Ghana. Climate and Development, 16(6), 459-470. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17565529.2023.2236587
95. Koranteng, A., & Zawila-Niedzwiecki, T. (2015). Modelling forest loss and other land use change dynamics in Ashanti Region of Ghana. Folia Forestalia Polonica, 57(2), 96-111. https://sciendo.com/pdf/10.1515/ffp-2015-0010
96. Kouhi, R. M., Moghaddam, M. M. J., Rafie, S. F., Maghsoudy, S., Ardejani, F. D., Butscher, C., & Taherdangkoo, R. (2024). A quantitative framework for measuring sustainable development goals in mining operations. Discover Sustainability, 5(1). https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Seyed-Faridedin Rafie/publication/384763457_A_quantitative_framework_for_measuring_sustainable_development_goals_in_mining_operations/links/6706af38cc8c9a65638fc8f1/A-quantitative-framework-for-measuring-sustainable-development-goals-in-mining-operations.pdf
97. Kpenekuu, F., Antwi-Agyei, P., Nimoh, F., Osei, M. A., & Guodaar, L. (2024). Understanding drought risk management in vulnerable communities in dryland farming systems: Evidence from northwest Ghana. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 100, 104186. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212420923006660
98. Kugbe, J. X., Mathias, F., Desta, T. L., Denich, M., & Vlek, P. L. (2012). Annual vegetation burns across the northern savanna region of Ghana: period of occurrence, area burns, nutrient losses and emissions. Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems, 93, 265-284. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10705-012-9514-0
99. Kumar, S., Kalambukattu, J. G., Raj, A. D., Dwivedi, R. S., & Ravisankar, T. (2024). Land Degradation Neutrality. In Advances in Geospatial Technologies for Natural Resource Management (pp. 266-293). CRC Press. https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.1201/9781003035404-10
100. Kumi, E. (2024). The Impact of Land Use Change on Hydrological Ecosystem Services in the Tano River Basin in Ghana (Master's thesis, Oklahoma State University). https://search.proquest.com/openview/26f0cffea397825a4f98d8c8442aa569/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y
101. Kumi, S., Adu-Poku, D., & Attiogbe, F. (2023). Dynamics of land cover changes and condition of soil and surface water quality in a Mining–Altered landscape, Ghana. Heliyon, 9(7). https://www.cell.com/heliyon/fulltext/S2405-8440(23)05067-3
102. Lamptey, A. M., & Ofori-Danson, P. K. (2014). Review of the distribution of waterbirds in two tropical coastal Ramsar lagoons in Ghana, West Africa. West African Journal of Applied Ecology, 22(1), 77-91. Journal / West African Journal of Applied Ecology / Vol. 22 No. 1 (2014) / Articles.
103. Likoswe, M., Chanyenga, T., Mphepo, G., Utila, H., Meke, G., Chithila, V., & Sagona, W. (2018). Building resilience of ecosystems and people’s livelihood through afforestation. In Socio-Ecological Resilience to Climate Change in a Fragile Ecosystem (pp. 60-75). Routledge. https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781351057103-4
104. Magnan, A. K., Garschagen, M., Gattuso, J. P., Hay, J. E., Hilmi, N., Holland, E. A., ... & van de Wal, R. (2019). Low-Lying Islands and Coasts. https://cdn.climatepolicyradar.org
105. Makondo, Cuthbert Casey, and David SG Thomas. "Climate change adaptation: Linking indigenous knowledge with western science for effective adaptation." Environmental science & policy 88 (2018): 83-91. https://doi.org/10.016/j.envsci.2018.06.014
106. Manful, George A., and Yaw Opoku-Ankomah. "Impacts of Climate Change on Water Resources in the Volta River Basin: Reducing Vulnerability and Enhancing Livelihoods and Sustainable Development." Climate Change and Water Resources in Africa: Perspectives and Solutions Towards an Imminent Water Crisis (2021): 333-357. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-61225-2_15
107. Mensah, A. K., Mahiri, I. O., Owusu, O., Mireku, O. D., Wireko, I., & Kissi, E. A. (2015). Environmental impacts of mining: a study of mining communities in Ghana. Applied Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 3(3), 81-94. https://doi.org/10.12691/aees-3-3-3
108. Mensah, F., S. K. Adanu, and D. K. Adanu. "Remote sensing and GIS based assessment of land degradation and implications for Ghana’s ecological zones." Environmental Practice 17.1 (2015): 3-15. https://doi.org/10.1017/51466046614000465
109. Mercado, D. (2016). Compilation & Synthesis of Valuation Studies on Philippine Biodiversity. UNDP: New York, NY, USA. Compilation & Synthesis Of Valuation Studies On Philippine Biodiversity
110. Ministry of Environment, Science, Technology and Innovation, (2022) "National Climate Change Adaptation Strategy,". https://mesti.gov.gh
111. Ministry of Environment, Science, Technology and Innovation. (2020). "Climate Change and Water Resource Policy in Ghana." Accra: MESTI. https://mesti.gov.gh
112. Ministry of Environment, Science, Technology, and Innovation (MESTI). (2015). Ghana National Climate Change Adaptation Strategy. https://mesti.gov.gh
113. Ministry of Food and Agriculture (MoFA). (2017). "Agricultural Land Use and Water Resource Management in Ghana. Accra: MoFA. https://mofa.gov.gh Sss
114. Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources. (2020). "The Impact of Deforestation on Ghana's Water Systems." Accra: MLNR. https://mlnr.gov.gh
115. Ministry of Water Resources, Works, and Housing (MWRWH). (2017). Capacity Building for Water Manageme nt: Lessons from Ghana's Water Sector. Accra: MWRWH. https://mwrwh.gov.gh
116. Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D. G., & The PRISMA Group. (2010). Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement. PLOS Medicine, 6(7), e1000097. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsu.2010.02.007
117. Mugagga, Frank, and Benon B. Nabaasa. "The centrality of water resources to the realization of Sustainable Development Goals (SDG). A review of potentials and constraints on the African continent." International Soil and Water Conservation Research 4.3 (2016): 215-2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iswcr.2016.05.004
118. Mul, M., Obuobie, E., Appoh, R., Kankam-Yeboah, K., Bekoe-Obeng, E., Amisigo, B., ... & McCartney, M. (2015). Water resources assessment of the Volta River Basin (Vol. 166). International Water Management Institute (IWMI). https://doi.org/10.5337/2015.220
119. Thomas, J., & Harden, A. (2008). Methods for the thematic synthesis of qualitative research in systematic reviews. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 8(1), 45. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/1471-2288-8-45
120. National Development Planning Commission, (NDPC). (2020) "Sustainable Development and Water Management in Ghana,". https://ndpc.org
121. Nyamekye, A. B. (2020). Towards a new generation of climate information systems: Information systems and actionable knowledge creation for adaptive decision-making in rice farming systems in Ghana (Doctoral dissertation, Wageningen University and Research). https://search.proquest.com/openview/d728d2da89f92f993301fbfd0c488eef/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=2026366&diss=y
122. Nyamekye, A. B., et al. (2021). Impact of Land Use Changes on Water Resources in the Volta River Basin, Ghana. Water, 13(5), 654. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13050654 .
123. Nyantakyi-Frimpong, Hanson, and Rachel Bezner-Kerr. "The relative importance of climate change in the context of multiple stressors in semi-arid Ghana." Global Environmental Change 32 (2015): 40-56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.glvenvcha/2015.03.003
124. Obahoundje, S., & Diedhiou, A. (2022). Potential impacts of climate, land use and land cover changes on hydropower generation in West Africa: a review. Environmental Research Letters, 17(4), 043005. https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/ac5b3b/meta
125. Obahoundje, S., Ofosu, E. A., Akpoti, K., & Kabo-bah, A. T. (2017). Land use and land cover changes under climate uncertainty: Modelling the impacts on hydropower production in Western Africa. Hydrology, 4(1), 2. https://www.mdpi.com/2306-5338/4/1/2
126. Obuobie, E., Kankam-Yeboah, K., Amisigo, B., Opoku-Ankomah, Y., & Ofori, D. (2012). Assessment of vulnerability of river basins in Ghana to water stress conditions under climate change. Journal of Water and Climate Change, 3(4), 276-286. https://doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2012.030
127. Ocloo, M. D., Huang, X., Fan, M., & Ou, W. (2024). Study on the spatial changes in land use and landscape patterns and their effects on ecosystem services in Ghana, West Africa. Environmental Development, 49, 100947. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211464523001471
128. Ofori, A. D., & Mdee, A. (2022). Integrated water resource management. In Clean water and sanitation (pp. 344-357). Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/978-3-319-95846-0_4.pdf
129. Ofosu, G., Dittmann, A., Sarpong, D., & Botchie, D. (2020). Socio-economic and environmental implications of Artisanal and Small-scale Mining (ASM) on agriculture and livelihoods. Environmental Science & Policy, 106, 210-220. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146290111930351X
130. Opoku-Ankomah, Y., et al. (2020). Rainfall Variability and Climate Change Impacts on Water Resources in the Northern Regions of Ghana." Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies_, 28, 100676. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrh.2020.100676
131. Ordway, E. M., Asner, G. P., & Lambin, E. F. (2017). Deforestation risk due to commodity crop expansion in sub-Saharan Africa. Environmental Research Letters, 12(4), 044015. https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/aa6509/meta
132. Owuor, S. O., Butterbach-Bahl, K., Guzha, A. C., Rufino, M. C., Pelster, D. E., Díaz-Pinés, E., & Breuer, L. (2016). Groundwater recharge rates and surface runoff response to land use and land cover changes in semi-arid environments. Ecological Processes, 5, 1-21. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s13717-016-0060-6
133. Owusu, A. B., Fynn, I. E. M., Adu-Boahen, K., Kwang, C., Mensah, C. A., & Atugbiga, J. A. (2024). Rate of desertification, climate change and coping strategies: Insights from smallholder farmers in Ghana's Upper East Region. Environmental and Sustainability Indicators, 23, 100433. https://doi.org/100.1016/j.indic.2024.100433
134. Owusu, P. A., Asumadu-Sarkodie, S., & Ameyo, P. (2016). A review of Ghana’s water resource management and the future prospect. Cogent Engineering, 3(1), 1164275.  https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/23311916.2016.1164275
135. Rademacher-Schulz, C., Schraven, B., & Mahama, E. S. (2014). Time matters: shifting seasonal migration in Northern Ghana in response to rainfall variability and food insecurity. Climate and Development, 6(1), 46-52. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17565529.2013.830955
136. Tang, X., & Adesina, J. A. (2022). Integrated watershed management framework and groundwater resources in Africa—a review of west Africa sub-region. Water, 14(3), 288. https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/14/3/288
137. Sagoe-Addy, K., & Gordon, C. (2019). Sea-Level Rise and Saltwater Intrusion in Coastal Areas of Ghana: Impacts on Water Resources." Ocean & Coastal Management, 174, 33-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2019.02.002 .
138. Sanusi, O. L., Oke, M. O., & Bello, M. A. (2023). Water entrepreneurship and financialisation: Complexities for the attainment of SDG in sub-Saharan Africa. Heliyon, 9(11). https://www.cell.com/heliyon/fulltext/S2405-8440(23)08067-2
139. Sanz, M. J., De Vente, J., Chotte, J. L., Bernoux, M., Kust, G., Ruiz, I., ... & Akhtar-Schuster, M. (2017). Sustainable land management contribution to successful land-based climate change adaptation and mitigation: A report of the science-policy interface. In Bonn, Germany: United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD). https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010071102
140. Scubber, T.T. (2005). The future of large Dams: Dealing with social, Environmental, Institutional and Political costs (1^st ed). Routiedge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781849773904
141. Sharma, S. (2017). Effects of urbanization on water resources-facts and figures. International Journal of Scientific and Engineering Research, 8(4), 433-459. https://effects-of-urbanization-on-water-resources-facts-and-figures-1jser2-pdf
142. Siakwa, A. N. K. (2023). Water Resource Management–Ghana. Journal of Central European Green Innovation, 11(2), 34-48. https://doi.org/10.33038/jcegi.4849
143. Siakwa, Augustine Narkorli Kwesi. "Water Resource Management–Ghana." Journal of Central European Green Innovation 11.2 (2023): 34-48. https://doi.org/10.33038/jcegi.4849
144. Solbrig, O. T. (1996). The diversity of the savanna ecosystem. In Biodiversity and savanna ecosystem processes: a global perspective (pp. 1-27). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/978-3-642-78969-4_1?pdf=chapter%20toc
145. Songsore, J. (2020). The urban transition in Ghana: Urbanization, national development and poverty reduction. Ghana Social Science Journal, 17(2), 57-57. https://Journal.ug.edu.gh
146. Stanturf, J. A. (2021). Landscape degradation and restoration. In Soils and landscape restoration (pp. 125-159).AcademicPress. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128131930000059
147. Takyi, R., El Mahrad, B., Nunoo, F. K. E., Adade, R., ElHadary, M., & Essandoh, J. (2022). Adaptive management of environmental challenges in West African coastal lagoons. Science of The Total Environment, 838, 156234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156234
148. Tijani, A. M. (2014). Legal and regulatory framework for public-private partnerships in infrastructure development: A case study of three African models and core international frameworks. University of Malaya (Malaysia). https://search.proquest.com/openview/84af11fa9fefc9b9906b150c4f962783/1?pqorigsite=gscholar&cbl=2026366&diss=y
149. Tschakert, Petra, and Kamini Singha. "Contaminated identities: Mercury and marginalization in Ghana’s artisanal mining sector." Geoforum 38.6 (2007): 1304-1321. https://doi.org/10.016/j.geoforum.2007.05.002
150. UNDP Climate Change Adaptation: Ghana National Climate Change Adaptation Strategy. (2006). https://www.undp.gh.org
151. Unicef, & Unicef. (2016). Strategy for water, sanitation and hygiene 2016-2030. http://nkhokwe.kuhes.ac.mw/handle/20.500.12845/206
152. United Nations University Institute for Natural Resources in Africa (UNU-INRA). (2019). Water Resource Management in Ghana’s Urban Areas: Integrating Green Infrastructure for Resilience. UNU-INRA, Accra. https://unu.edu>inra
153. United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). (2021). Community Resilience through Early Warning Project: Lessons Learned in Ghana.
154. Water Resources Commission (WRC). (2021). Annual Report on Integrated Water Resource Management in Ghana.
155. Water Resources Commission, (WRC). (2020) "Water Management Policy Report," Government of Ghana. https://www.wrc.gh.org
156. Wiederkehr, Charlotte, Michael Beckmann, and Kathleen Hermans. "Environmental change, adaptation strategies and the relevance of migration in Sub-Saharan drylands." Environmental Research Letters 13.11 (2018): 113003. https://doi.org/10.1088/748-9326/aae6de
157. World Bank, (2019). "Ghana’s Socio-Economic Development and Environmental Challenges,". https://worldbank.org.
158. World Bank. (2022). Building Resilience in Water Management: Ghana Case Study
159. Wuni, M. T. (2008). Inter-Agency Coordination for Effective Humanitarian Relief Operations: The Case of the 2007 Floods In Northern Ghana. Erasmus University. https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=ca56527cbd261619222f 174b5017e2486d508ce
160. Yaro, J. A., Teye, J. K., & Torvikey, G. D. (2018). Historical Context of Agricultural Commercialisation in Ghana: Changes in Land and Labour Relations. Journal of Asian and African Studies, 53(1), 49-63. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021909616657368
161. Yeboah, S., & James Nyarkoh, B. (2022). The Impact of Mining on the Ghanaian Economy: A Comprehensive Review (1992-2020). https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/id/eprint/117502