Authors :
G. A. O. Ajoku; I. J. Otaraku
Volume/Issue :
Volume 11 - 2026, Issue 4 - April
Google Scholar :
https://tinyurl.com/3d5hfu4a
Scribd :
https://tinyurl.com/mzhay5jw
DOI :
https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/26apr2001
Note : A published paper may take 4-5 working days from the publication date to appear in PlumX Metrics, Semantic Scholar, and ResearchGate.
Abstract :
Scale formation in oil wells is one of the most common problems confronting oil and gas industries around the
world. Although great technologies have been developed by engineers to combat scale formation, yet the problem remains
without an effective solution. Scale deposition problems have been managed by injecting scale inhibiting chemicals into the
area of interest to inhibit the formation of scale. However, the cost and environmental concerns of available scale inhibitors
continue to increase the interest of researchers to develop better and cheaper alternative to the available ones. This informed
the interest in sweet orange mesocarp extract (SOMEX), a locally abundant renewable source as possible raw material for
oilfield scale inhibitors. Rutin obtained from SOMEX was modified using furfuraldehyde, and urea at varying molar ratios
to form a novel green scale inhibitors, namely, Rutin (RU), Rutin-Furfural-modified polyphenolic resin (FRU) and RutinFurfuraldehyde-Urea- modified polyphenolic resin (URU).
Keywords :
Sweet Orange Mesocarp Extract (SOMEX), Rutin (RU), FRU, URU, Commercial Inhibitor (CSI), Calcium Sulphate Scale (CaSO4).
References :
- W. Wayne, and M. Frenier, “Formation, removal, and inhibition of inorganic scale in the oilfield environment”. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2009.
- W.W. Frenier, “Novel scale removers are developed for dissolving alkaline earth deposits”. Paper SPE 65027 MS presented at the SPE International Symposium on Oilfield Chemistry, Houston, Texas. 13-16, February 2001, doi: 10.2118/65027-MS.
- G.V. Chilingar, R. Mourhatch and G. D. Al-Qahtani, “The fundamentals of corrosion and scaling for petroleum and environmental engineers”, Elsevier Science: Houston, TX, USA, ISBN 780127999913, 2013.
- T.A. Hoang, H.M. Ang, and A.L. Rohl, “Effects of temperature on the scaling of calcium sulphate in pipes. Powder Technol., 179, pp. 31–37, 2007.
- O. Bukuaghangin, S. Olujide, K. Niraj, M. Huggan, A. Neville, and T. Charpentier, “Kinetics study of barium sulphate surface scaling and inhibition with a once-through flow system, Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 2016.
- A.T. Kan, G. Fu, and M. B. Tomson, “Effect of methanol on carbonate equilibrium and calcite solubility in a gas/methanol/water/ salt mixed system”. Langmuir 18 (25): pp. 9713–9725, 2002.
- A.T. Kan, G. Fu, and M. B. Tomson, “Effect of methanol and ethylene glycol on sulfates and halite scale formation”. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 42 (11): pp. 2399–2408, 2003.
- H. Lu, A.T. Kan, P. Zhang, J. Yu, C. Fan, and M.B. Tomson, ‘Phase stability and solubility of calcium sulfate in the system NaCl/monoethylene glycol/water”. In Proceedings of the SPE International Conference on Oilfield Scale (SPE-130697-MS), Aberdeen, UK; pp. 1–26, 2010.
- M. Merdhah, and A. Badr, “The study of scale formation in oil reservoir during water injection at high-barium and high-salinity formation water”. Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Faculty of Chemical and Natural Resources Engineering, 2008.
- M. H, Al-Khaldi., A. Aljuhani., S. H. Al-Mutairi, and M. N. Gurmen, “New insights into the removal of calcium sulphate scale”. In Proceedings of the SPE European Formation Damage Conference (SPE-144158-MS), Noordwijk, Netherlands, pp. 7–10, 2011.
- M. Mahmoud, “Effect of elemental-sulphur deposition on the rock petro-physical properties in sour-gas reservoirs”. SPE Journal.19, pp. 703–715, 2014.
- J. Oddo, J. Smith, and M. Tomson, “Analysis of and solutions to the CaCO3 and CaSO4 scaling problems encountered in wells offshore Indonesia”. In Proceedings of the SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition (SPE-22782-MS), Dallas, TX, USA, pp. 6–9, 1991.
- J. Moghadasi, H. Müller-Steinhagen, M. Jamialahmadi, and A. Sharif, “Model study on the kinetics of oilfield formation damage due to salt precipitation from injection”. J. Petrol. Sci. Eng., 43, pp. 201–217, 2004.
- J. De-Lorey, S. Allen, and L. McMaster, “Precipitation of calcium sulphate during carbonate acidizing: Minimizing the risk”. In Proceedings of the Annual Technical Meeting (Petsoc-96–84), Calgary, AB, Canada, pp. 10–12, 1996.
- A. Kelland, “Malcolm production chemicals for the oil and gas industry [Book]. – Boca Raton, FL: Taylor and Francis Group, 2009.
- C. Romero, B. Bazin, A. Zaitoun, and F. Leal-Calderon, “Behavior of a scale inhibitor water-in-oil emulsion in porous media”. SPE- 98275-PA, 22 (02), pp. 191−201, 2007.
- O.J. Vetter, “Oilfield scale-can we handle It?” SPE Journal of Petroleum Technology, 28 (12), 1402-1408. SPE 5879-PA. doi:10.2118/5879-PA, 1976
- K. Sorbie, M. Yuan, G. Graham, and A. Todd, “Appropriate laboratory evaluation of oilfield scale inhibitors”. Advances in Solving Oilfield Scaling Problems, Aberdeen, UK. 1992.
- W. Dickson, R. Griffin, L. Sanders, C. Lowen, and Kemira, “Development and performance of biodegradable antiscalants for oilfield applications”. In: Offshore Technology Conference, Houston, USA, pp. 2–5, 2011.
- M.S. Kamal, I. Hussein, M. Mahmoud, A. S. Sultan, and M.A.S. Saad, “Oilfield scale formation and chemical removal”: A Review. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering 171: pp. 127-139, 2018.
- O. Claudia, and R. Jaime, “EDTA: The chelating agent under environmental Scrutiny”. Quim. Nova, Vol. 26, No. 6, pp. 901-905, 2003.
- A. A. Olajire, “A review of oilfield mineral scale deposits management technology for oil and gas production”, Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 135: pp. 723-737, 2015.
- G. Jing, and S. Tang, “The summary of the scale and the methods to inhibit and remove scale formation in the oil well and the gathering line”. Recent Patents Chem. Eng., 4, pp. 291–296, 2011.
- A. A. Akaho, U. J. Chukwu, and O. Akaranta, “Synthesis and evaluation of iron (iii)-red onion skin extract azo complexes as pigments for surface coatings in oilfield environment”. Chemical Sciences International Journal, 25(3): pp. 1-9, 2018.
- H. S. Sayed, H. N. M. Hassan, and M. H. A. El, “The effect of using onion skin powder as a source of dietary fiber and antioxidants on properties of dried and fried noodles”. Current science Journal, 3(4): pp. 468-475, 2014.
- O. Benavente-Garcıa, J. Castillo, FR. Marin, A. Ortuno, JA. Del Rıo, “Uses and properties of citrus flavonoids”. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 45: pp. 4505-4515, 1997.
- D. E. Okwu, “Citrus fruits a rich source of phytochemicals and their roles in human health”: A Review. Int. J. Chem. Sci: 6(2), pp. 451 – 471, 2008.
- G. A. O. Ajoku and I. J Otaraku, “Extraction of rutin from sweet orange (Citrus sinensis L) mesocarp using soxhlet extractor”, American Journal of Sciences and Engineering Research E-ISSN– 2348–703X, Vol. 9, Issue 1, pp. 50 – 60. January 2026.
- RE. Ogali, O. Akaranta, and VO. Aririguzo, “Removal of some metal ions from aqueous solution using orange mesocarp”. Afr. J. Biotechnol., 7(17): pp. 3073-3076, 2008.
- M. U. Ibezim-Ezeani, F. A. Okoye, and O. Akaranta, “Kinetic studies on the removal of some metal ions from aqueous solution using modified orange mesocarp extract”. International Journal of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering Vol. 4(6), pp. 192-200. DOI: 10.5897/IJWREE11.088; ISSN 1991-637X ©2012 Academic Journals, 2012.
- S. H. Hassanpour, and A. Doroudi, “Review of the antioxidant potential of flavonoids as a subgroup of polyphenols and partial substitute for synthetic antioxidants”. Avicenna J Phytomed; 13(4): pp. 354-376, 2023.
- S. S. Liew, W. Y. Ho, S. K. Yeap, and S. A. B. Sharifudin, “Phytochemical composition and in vitro antioxidant activities of Citrus sinensis peel extracts”, Peer J,. 6: doi: 10.7717/peerj.5331, PMC6078072 PMID: 30083463, 2018.
- VA. Kostyuk, AI. Potapovich, EN. Vladykovskaya, LG. Korkina, and IB. Afanas'ev, “Influence of metal ions on flavonoid protection against asbestos-induced cell injury”. Arch Biochem Biophy, 385, pp. 129-137, 2001.
- Z. Radovi, and D. Malešev, Pharmazie 39, 870, 1984.
- Z. Radovi, and D. Malešev, Arch. Pharm. 320, 188, 1987.
- J. M. D. Markovic, Z. S. Markovic, T. P. Brdaric, and N. D. Filipovi, “Comparative spectroscopic and mechanistic study of chelation properties of fisetin with iron in aqueous buffered solutions: Implications on in vitro antioxidant activity”. Dalton Transactions, 40: pp. 4560-4571, 2011.
- A. Filipiak-Szok, M. Kurzawa, and E. Sz_lyk, “Determination of anti-oxidant capacity and content of phenols, phenolic acids, and flavonols in Indian and European gooseberry”, 2012.
- J. Gupta, and A. Gupta, “Isolation and identification of flavonoid rutin from rauwolfia serpentine”. International Journal of Chemical Studies, 3(2): pp. 113 – 115, 2015.
- S. Kumar, T. K. Naiya, and T. Kumar, “Developments in oilfield scale handling towards green technology-A review”. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering. 169, pp.428–444, 2018.
- S. Kumar, A. Mishra, and A. K. Pandey,“Antioxidant mediated protective effect of Parthenium hysterophorus against oxidative damage using in vitro models,” BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, vol. 13, article 120, 2013.
- M. Leopoldini, N. Russo, S. Chiodo, and M. Toscano, “Iron chelation by the powerful antioxidant flavonoid quercetin,” Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, vol. 54, no. 17, pp. 6343–6351, 2006.
- A. A. Akaho, U. J. Chukwu, and O. Akaranta, “Cu (II)-red onion skin extract-azo metal complex - a potential for oilfield”, Article in Chemical Science International Journal, Article No. CSIJ.47803, ISSN: 2456-706X, 2019,
- N. M. Parvathi, and M. Vangalapati, “Extraction, modelling and purification of flavonoids from Citrus medica peel”. Int. J. Appl. Sci. Biotechnol, Vol. 3(4): pp. 588 – 591. DO1: 10.3126/ijasbt.v3i4.13360, 2015.
- N. P. Pawar, and V. R. Salunkhe, “Development and validation of UV Spectrophotometric method for simultaneous estimation of rutin and gallic acid in hydroalcoholic extract of Triphala churna. International Journal of Pharm Tech Research. 5(2): pp. 724-729, 2013.
- NACE Standard TM0374-2007 (formerly TM0374-2001) Item No. 21208, Laboratory Screening Tests to Determine the Ability of Scale Inhibitors to Prevent the Precipitation of Calcium Sulfate and Calcium Carbonate from Solution (for Oil and Gas Production Systems)
- JM. Matty, and MB. Tomson, “Effect of multiple precipitation inhibitors on calcium carbonate nucleation”. Appl Geochem.; 3(5): pp. 549–56. doi:10.1016/0883-2927(88)90026-1, 1988.
- C. Tortolano, T. Chen, and P. Chen, “Mechanisms, new test methodology and environmentally acceptable inhibitors for codeposition of zinc sulfide and calcium carbonate scales for high temperature application”. In: SPE international oilfield scale conference and exhibition, 14–15 May, Aberdeen, Scotland; doi:10.2118/169810-MS, 2014.
- I. Drela, P. Falewicz, and S. Kuczkowska, “New rapid test for evaluation of scale inhibitors”. Water Res.; 32(10):3188–91.doi:10.1016/ S0043-1354(98)00066-9, 1998.
- ASTM D 511 (latest revision), “Standard Test Methods for Calcium and Magnesium in Water” (West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM).
- ASTM D 1126 (latest revision), “Standard Test Method for Hardness in Water” (West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM).
- L. Mahmoodi, M. Reza Malayeri, and F. F. Tabrizi, “ Performance of a novel green scale inhibitor” EDS Sciences, E3S web of conference 266, 01019, 2021.
Scale formation in oil wells is one of the most common problems confronting oil and gas industries around the
world. Although great technologies have been developed by engineers to combat scale formation, yet the problem remains
without an effective solution. Scale deposition problems have been managed by injecting scale inhibiting chemicals into the
area of interest to inhibit the formation of scale. However, the cost and environmental concerns of available scale inhibitors
continue to increase the interest of researchers to develop better and cheaper alternative to the available ones. This informed
the interest in sweet orange mesocarp extract (SOMEX), a locally abundant renewable source as possible raw material for
oilfield scale inhibitors. Rutin obtained from SOMEX was modified using furfuraldehyde, and urea at varying molar ratios
to form a novel green scale inhibitors, namely, Rutin (RU), Rutin-Furfural-modified polyphenolic resin (FRU) and RutinFurfuraldehyde-Urea- modified polyphenolic resin (URU).
Keywords :
Sweet Orange Mesocarp Extract (SOMEX), Rutin (RU), FRU, URU, Commercial Inhibitor (CSI), Calcium Sulphate Scale (CaSO4).