Authors :
Oluwafunmise Fifo; Olajide Henny Eloini
Volume/Issue :
Volume 11 - 2026, Issue 2 - February
Google Scholar :
https://tinyurl.com/muv6hdec
Scribd :
https://tinyurl.com/5n8jr85w
DOI :
https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/26feb1304
Note : A published paper may take 4-5 working days from the publication date to appear in PlumX Metrics, Semantic Scholar, and ResearchGate.
Abstract :
Amidst the increasing pressures and escalating biological, operational, and financial threats, the poultry industry
of the United States, it is necessary to rethink strategies and embrace an integrated approach to risk management. The main
thrust of this paper is the proposition of a novel framework that combines biosecurity, Lean management principles, and
credit risk assessment to strengthen agricultural resilience. The study highlights existing gaps in the use of financial risk
models, operational efficiency tools, and disease preventive protocols by drawing on an extensive analysis of academic
research, government publications, and industry case studies. Undeniably, each domain has advanced independently in
scope and sophistication. But that independence creates conflicting practices and missed synergies. For example, cost-saving
Lean strategies may inadvertently compromise biosecurity standards, while traditional credit models frequently overlook
operational and health-related risk indicators. By synthesizing findings across these disciplines, the study argues for a
systems-level approach in which biosecurity compliance and Lean maturity are integrated into creditworthiness assessments
and policy frameworks. The paper concludes with actionable recommendations for producers, policymakers, and
researchers to support a holistic and scalable model of resilience in poultry production systems.
Keywords :
Poultry Biosecurity, Lean Agriculture, Credit Risk Assessment, Agricultural Resilience, Supply Chain Risk, Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI), Financial Risk Modeling, Integrated Risk Management, U.S. Poultry Industry, Climate-Related Agricultural Risk, Farm-Level Operations, Supply Chain Finance.
References :
- Abdelhak Karim Mouss, Dalila Hammouche, and Rahla Meziane (2025). Broiler Farming in the Face of Accelerating Climate Change: Risks for Production and Food Security. Journal of World’s Poultry Research, J. World Poult. Res. 15(1): 65-73, 2025 DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.36380/jwpr.2025.6.
- Aderemi FA, Ayandiji A, and Adeleke GO (2023). Effects of biosecurity practices on the health management system of poultry farms in Nigeria. Online J. Anim. Feed Res., 13(1): 10-15. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.51227/ojafr.2023.2.
- Angelique Fischer (2024). Farmers’ Food Security Preparedness Based on Risk Perception. Faculty of the College of the Oklahoma State University.
- Avinews.com (2025). HPAI causes loss of over 30 million laying hens in the US in 2025. Available online at: https://avinews.com/en/hpai-causes-loss-of-over-30-million-laying-hens-in-the-us-in-2025/ (Accessed on July 29, 2025).
- Barry K. Goodwin, Ashok K. Mishra; An analysis of risk premia in U.S. farm‐level interest rates. Agricultural Finance Review 5 May 2000; 60 (1): 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1108/00214660080001107
- Bei Liu, Baoping Ren, & Fei Jin (2025). Does climate risk affect the ease of access to credit for farmers? Evidence from CHFS, International Review of Economics & Finance, Volume 97, 2025, 103813, ISSN 1059-0560. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iref.2024.103813.
- Binal Prajapati, Akash Golaviya, Khushbu Rana, Prakash Koringa, Fiona Tomley, Ayona Silva-Fletcher, & Haidaruliman Paleja (2025). Capacity Enhancement on Biosecurity for Line Supervisors Working in Commercial Broiler Farming Gujarat, Poultry Science (2025), doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2025.105596.
- C.A. Wolf, J. Karszes (2023). Financial risk and resiliency on US dairy farms: Measures, thresholds, and management implications, Journal of Dairy Science, Volume 106, Issue 5, 2023, Pages 3301-3311, ISSN 0022-0302, https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2022-22711.
- Carrijo, P. R. S., & Batalha, M. O. (2024). Lean manufacturing in agriculture: benefits, obstacles, and opportunities. Gestão & Produção, 31, e1924. https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9649-2024v31e1924.
- CDC (2025). H5 Bird Flu: Current Situation. Available online at: https://www.cdc.gov/bird-flu/situation-summary/index.html (Accessed on July 29, 2025).
- Ceu M. S., & Gaspar R.M (2024). A Review on Climate Change, Credit Risk and Agriculture, RURAL SUSTAINABILITY RESEARCH, Volume 51(346), 2024. ISSN – 2256-0939. DOI: 10.2478/plua-2024-0004.
- Delpont M, Salazar LG, Dewulf J, Zbikowski A, Szeleszczuk P, Dufay-Lefort A-C, Rousset N, Spaans A, Amalraj A, Tilli G, Piccirillo A, Devesa A, Sevilla-Navarro S, van Meirhaege H, Kovács L, Jóźwiak ÁB, Guérin J-L and Paul MC (2023) Monitoring biosecurity in poultry production: an overview of databases reporting biosecurity compliance from seven European countries. Front. Vet. Sci. 10:1231377. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1231377
- Dorea F. C., Berghaus R., Hofacre C., & Cole D. J. Survey of Biosecurity Protocols and Practices Adopted by Growers on Commercial Poultry Farms in Georgia, U.S.A. Avian Dis (2010) 54 (3): 1007–1015. https://doi.org/10.1637/9233-011210-Reg.1.
- Dreck Ayebare, Irene Mbatidde, Naomi P. Kemunto, Dishon M. Muloi, Eugine L. Ibayi, Søren Saxmose Nielsen, Dickson Ndoboli, Kristina Roesel, Bernd-Alois Tenhagen, & Arshnee Moodley (2025). Biosecurity measures and effects on health performance and antibiotic use in semi-intensive broiler farms in Uganda. One Health, Volume 20, 2025, 101039, ISSN 2352-7714. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.onehlt.2025.101039.
- Federal Register (2024), Payment of Indemnity and Compensation for Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza. Available at: https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2024/12/31/2024-31384/payment-of-indemnity-and-compensation-for-highly-pathogenic-avian-influenza (Accessed August 2, 2025).
- Gao X, Yang X, Zhao Y. Rural micro-credit model design and credit risk assessment via improved LSTM algorithm. PeerJ Comput Sci. 2023 Sep 26;9:e1588. doi: 10.7717/peerj-cs.1588. PMID: 37810351; PMCID: PMC10557499.
- Giulia Graziosi, Caterina Lupini, Francesco Dalla Favera, Gabriella Martini, Geremia Dosa, Gloria Garavini, Giacomo Trevisani, Alessandro Mannelli, & Elena Catelli (2024). Potential biosecurity breaches in poultry farms: Presence of free-ranging mammals near laying-hen houses assessed through a camera-trap study. Veterinary and Animal Science, Volume 26, 2024, 100393, ISSN 2451-943X. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vas.2024.100393.
- Jada M. Thompson, Kelly Patyk, Victoria Fields, Matthew Branan, Amy Delgado, Kylie Roesler (2025). Biosecurity investment impacts on highly pathogenic avian influenza control in United States commercial turkey operations. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Volume 244, 2025, 106624, ISSN 0167-5877. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2025.106624.
- László Kovács, Christopher René Klaucke, Máté Farkas, Mikolt Bakony, Viktor Jurkovich, & László Könyves. The correlation between on-farm biosecurity and animal welfare indices in large-scale turkey production. Poultry Science, Volume 104, Issue 1, 2025, 104598, ISSN 0032-5791. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2024.104598.
- M. Delpont, M. Racicot, A. Durivage, L. Fornili, J.-L. Guerin, J.-P. Vaillancourt, M.C. Paul (2021). Determinants of biosecurity practices in French duck farms after a H5N8 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza epidemic: the effect of farmer knowledge, attitudes and personality traits. Transbound. Emerg. Dis., 68 (2021), pp. 51-61, 10.1111/tbed.13462
- M. Çakır, M.A. Boland, & Y. Wang (2018). The Economic Impacts of 2015 Avian Influenza Outbreak on the U.S. Turkey Industry and the Loss Mitigating Role of Free Trade Agreements, Appl. Econ. Perspect. Policy, 40 (2018), pp. 297-315, 10.1093/aepp/ppx027.
- M.J. MacLachlan, D. Boussios, A.D. Hagerman (2022). Market responses to export restrictions from highly pathogenic avian influenza outbreaks. J. Agric. Resour. Econ., 47 (2022), pp. 209-224, 10.22004/ag.econ.310527.
- Mohammed AN (2024). Biosecurity Compliance and Its Applications in Poultry Production Sectors. J. World Poult. Res., 14(3): 324-330. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.36380/jwpr.2024.33.
- Morris G, Ehlers S, Shutske J. U.S. Small-Scale Livestock Operation Approach to Biosecurity. Agriculture. 2023; 13(11):2086. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13112086.
- Nana Chai, Mohammad Zoynul Abedin, Lian Yang, Baofeng Shi (2025). Farmers' credit risk evaluation with an explainable hybrid ensemble approach: A closer look in microfinance, Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, Volume 89, 2025, 102612, ISSN 0927-538X, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pacfin.2024.102612.
- Obunadike Thank God Chiamaka, and Adedapo Alawode (2025). AI-enhanced scenario planning for U.S. food trade policy: Anticipating global supply chain shocks and food insecurity risks. World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 2025, 26(02), 943-962. DOI: https://doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2025.26.2.1786.
- Ologbon E. G., and Adekunle O. K. (2024). THE IMPACT OF LEAN MANUFACTURING TECHNIQUES ON WASTE REDUCTION IN GUINNESS NIGERIAN PLC. Journal of the Management Sciences, Vol. 61 (9) December, 2024.
- Oluwatosin Elizabeth Adeyeye, Olufisayo Andrew Obebe, Adekunle Olaoluwa Adeyeye, & Samuel Oluwamakinde Oshikoya (2025). Data Driven Biosecurity: Strengthening Global Agricultural Resilience Against Emerging Threats. International Journal for Multidisciplinary Research (IJFMR), Volume 7, Issue 2, March-April 2025, E-ISSN: 2582-2160. DOI:10.36948/ijfmr. 2025.v07i02.43188.
- R. Mato-Amboage, J.W. Pitchford, J. Touza (2018). Public-private partnerships for biosecurity: an opportunity for risk sharing, J. Agric. Econ. (2018). https://doi.org/10/gft788.
- Roberto Villalba, Terese E. Venus, Johannes Sauer (2023). The ecosystem approach to agricultural value chain finance: A framework for rural credit, World Development, Volume 164, 2023, 106177, ISSN 0305-750X, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2022.106177.
- Satolo E. G., Hiraga L. E. M., Zoccal L. F., Goes G. A., and Lourenzani W. L. (2016). Lean Production System: Evaluation in a Laying Poultry Farm. Espacios. Vol. 37 (Nº 17) Año 2016. Pág. 13.
- Toruan J. W. L., Sirait S. F., and Muflikh Y. N. (2025). Lean Supply Chain Strategy in Agribusiness Products: Systematic Literature Review. Jurnal Ekonomi Pertanian dan Agribisnis (JEPA), Volume 9, Nomor 1 (2025): 083-097
- U.S. Department of Agriculture (2016). U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, 2016. Final Report for the 2014-2015 Outbreak of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) in the United States. Available online at: https://www.aphis.usda.gov/media/document/2086/file (Accessed July 30, 2025).
- US Department of Agriculture (USDA) Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) (2025). Avian influenza spreads to seven further US states - CIDRAP. Available online at: https://www.thepoultrysite.com/news/2025/02/avian-influenza-spreads-to-seven-further-us-states-cidrap (Accessed on July 29, 2025).
- Walraven, Nicholas A. and Barry, Peter J., Bank Risk Ratings and the Pricing of Agricultural Loans (September 2003). Finance and Economics Working Paper No. 2003-53, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=481622 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.481622.
- Yang Zhang, Wei Zhao, Examining agricultural firms' risk-bearing capability via supply chain financing: Insights from China. International Review of Economics & Finance, Volume 102, 2025, 104282, ISSN 1059-0560, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iref.2025.104282.
- Zargun S., and Al-Ashaab A. (2013). Critical Success Factors for Lean Manufacturing: A Systematic Literature Review an International Comparison between Developing and Developed Countries. Advanced Materials Research, (Volume 845), December 2013 https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.845.668.
Amidst the increasing pressures and escalating biological, operational, and financial threats, the poultry industry
of the United States, it is necessary to rethink strategies and embrace an integrated approach to risk management. The main
thrust of this paper is the proposition of a novel framework that combines biosecurity, Lean management principles, and
credit risk assessment to strengthen agricultural resilience. The study highlights existing gaps in the use of financial risk
models, operational efficiency tools, and disease preventive protocols by drawing on an extensive analysis of academic
research, government publications, and industry case studies. Undeniably, each domain has advanced independently in
scope and sophistication. But that independence creates conflicting practices and missed synergies. For example, cost-saving
Lean strategies may inadvertently compromise biosecurity standards, while traditional credit models frequently overlook
operational and health-related risk indicators. By synthesizing findings across these disciplines, the study argues for a
systems-level approach in which biosecurity compliance and Lean maturity are integrated into creditworthiness assessments
and policy frameworks. The paper concludes with actionable recommendations for producers, policymakers, and
researchers to support a holistic and scalable model of resilience in poultry production systems.
Keywords :
Poultry Biosecurity, Lean Agriculture, Credit Risk Assessment, Agricultural Resilience, Supply Chain Risk, Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI), Financial Risk Modeling, Integrated Risk Management, U.S. Poultry Industry, Climate-Related Agricultural Risk, Farm-Level Operations, Supply Chain Finance.