Authors : Angelina Novita Tethool; Johan F. Koibur; Moh. Jen Wajo; Frandz R. Pawere; Iriani Sumpe; Noveling Inriani

Volume/Issue : Volume 11 - 2026, Issue 7 - July

Google Scholar : https://tinyurl.com/4e6avaew

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DOI : https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/26jul993

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Abstract : Bali cattle are Indonesia's principal indigenous beef cattle resource and are especially important to smallholder livestock systems in eastern Indonesia. In West Papua, artificial insemination has become the main policy instrument for accelerating herd growth, but regional outcomes show that reproductive technology produces durable gains only when it is supported by effective management. This review integrates evidence on artificial insemination performance, semen handling, estrus detection, sexed semen, liquid semen, genomic and proteomic selection, and in vitro embryo production with the institutional and socio-economic conditions of Bali cattle farming in West Papua. Reported results from Manokwari indicate that conception can be high, whereas the gap between conception and calving remains a critical constraint. Comparative evidence from other Indonesian regions further shows that service accessibility, inseminator competence, deposition technique, parity, climate, nutrition, and farmer capability strongly influence reproductive outcomes. The review proposes an integrated management architecture built on six connected components: adaptive governance, reliable reproductive service delivery, farmer-centered extension, nutrition and animal health support, genetic resource stewardship, and performance-based data systems. Conventional artificial insemination should remain the operational core, while liquid semen, improved extenders, season-adjusted sexed semen, genomic and proteomic tools, and embryo technologies should be introduced according to local readiness rather than as stand-alone innovations. The central conclusion is that sustainable population growth depends not on maximizing insemination numbers, but on converting genetically sound inseminations into live, healthy, and reproductively valuable calves while maintaining the adaptive integrity of Bali cattle. This integrated approach provides a practical pathway for strengthening regional breeding programs in geographically dispersed tropical production systems.

Keywords : Artificial Insemination, Bali Cattle, Genetic Resource Conservation, Reproductive Biotechnology, Strategic Livestock Management, West Papua.

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