Authors : Mohammed Yasser Surve; Aarav Upreti; Shrikar Nagarajan; Nathan Dsouza

Volume/Issue : Volume 10 - 2025, Issue 9 - September

Google Scholar : https://tinyurl.com/2e84cejh

Scribd : https://tinyurl.com/2m433jbd

DOI : https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/25sep1501

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Abstract : Hybrid Nano-lubricants represent a revolutionary advancement in tribological and thermal management technologies, combining multiple nanoparticle types to achieve superior performance compared to conventional single- particle systems. This comprehensive investigation reveals that self-adaptive thermal conductivity mechanisms are emerging through engineered combinations of 0D, 1D, and 2D nanomaterials that respond dynamically to temperature, load, and environmental conditions. Current research demonstrates significant performance improvements in thermal conductivity (up to 40% enhancement), friction reduction (up to 70% decrease in coefficient of friction), and thermal stability (temperature resistance improvements of 60-70°C). However, challenges remain in achieving consistent stability, scalable manufacturing, and standardized testing protocols for commercial implementation. In high-temperature mechanical systems, hybrid Nano-lubricants that incorporate nanoparticles like MoS2, h‐BN, Al2O3/TiO2, graphene, and carbon nanotubes produce quantifiable improvements. According to several studies, machine learning-guided composition, surfactant-assisted dispersion, magneto-responsive modifications, and synergistic interactions all improve performance. There have been reports of 2% to 29% increases in heat conductivity, 25% to 50% decreases in friction, and up to 40% reductions in wear. According to one study, there was approximately a 10% energy savings. These publications cover applications in automotive engines, spark ignition systems, manufacturing (including cooling, lubrication, and minimal quantity lubrication machining), radiator cooling, and aerospace. The intelligent operation of mechanical systems at high temperatures seems to be supported by adaptive mechanisms such as protective coating generation and "chameleon" surface adaptation under changing environmental circumstances.

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• Further Reading

32. Alonso-Lerma, A., et al. (2020). High performance crystalline nanocellulose using an ionic medium. Nature Communications / Materials.
33. Baigi, V., et al. (2023). Functionalization and composition of graphene-based materials for tribological applications. Journal of Nanoscience and Technology.
34. Ballu, K., et al. (2025). Tailoring the morphology of cellulose nanocrystals via controlled processing. PMC / NCBI.
35. Hisham, S. M., Aslfattahi, L. S., Kok, C. K. K., et al. (2024). Hybrid CNC–MXene nanolubricants for tribological application: Characterization, prediction and optimization of thermophysical properties. Processes, 12(10), 2146.
36. Hybrid CNC–MXene nanolubricant for tribological application. (2025). CORE / ResearchGate. (Preprint / full text).
37. Jafari, A. (2024). Tribological properties of synthetic and biosourced lubricants: Graphene-enhanced nanolubricants. ACS Omega.
38. Kamarulzaman, M. (2023). Improvement in stability and thermophysical properties of CNC nanolubricants. Journal.
39. Singh, B., Awasthi, S., & Mohan, A. (2024). Synergistic effects of melamine functionalized graphene oxide and imidazolium ionic liquid on the tribological performance and thermal stability of polyalphaolefin based hybrid nanolubricants. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 688, 133611. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2024.133611
40. Wakchaure, M. B., et al. (2025). Advances in the tribological performance of graphene. PMC / NCBI. (Review article).
41. Zakani, B., et al. (2022). Effect of ultrasonication on lubrication performance. Tribology International.