Authors : Ita Rusmala Dewi

Volume/Issue : Volume 10 - 2025, Issue 10 - October

Google Scholar : https://tinyurl.com/bdh7d587

Scribd : https://tinyurl.com/y69fv5m5

DOI : https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/25oct1062

Note : A published paper may take 4-5 working days from the publication date to appear in PlumX Metrics, Semantic Scholar, and ResearchGate.

Abstract : The high volume of urban waste, especially in Depok, requires efficient and intelligent management solutions. Conventional waste transportation systems with fixed routes (static routing) are considered inefficient because they do not consider the actual condition of waste volume at each point, leading to unnecessary fuel consumption, manpower inefficiency, and delayed waste collection. This study presents the development of a prototype Internet of Things (IoT) system to dynamically optimize waste collection vehicle routes. This system consists of a sensor node device installed on a waste container, equipped with an HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor to detect waste capacity levels and a LoRa E32 communication module for long-distance data transmission. The collected data is sent to a gateway and then processed by a server that runs a priority-based greedy route optimization algorithm. This algorithm dynamically generates a sequence of waste collection points by prioritizing containers that have reached a threshold capacity of 80%, while minimizing the total travel distance. The results of implementation and testing for one week on campus indicate that the system can operate stably with a packet loss rate below 3%. This prototype successfully reduced the average daily travel distance by 18.5% and the transportation time by 15% compared to a fixed-route approach. Thus, this study demonstrates that the integration of IoT technology and simple optimization algorithms can have a significant impact on creating a smarter, more cost-effective, and more sustainable waste transportation system.

Keywords : Internet of Things (IoT), Optimasi Rute, Smart Waste Management, LoRa, Smart City.

References :

1. Kaza, S., Yao, L., Bhada-Tata, P., & Van Woerden, F. (2018). What a Waste 2.0: A Global Snapshot of Solid Waste Management to 2050. World Bank.
2. Ashton, K. (2009). That 'internet of things' thing. RFID journal, 22(7), 97-114.
3. Anagnostopoulos, T., Zaslavsky, A., Kostakos, V., & Kryftis, Y. (2017). A Waste Management Model Based on Dynamic Routing and IoT Technologies. Proceedings of the 2017 ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing.
4. Abdoli, S., & Fathy, M. (2019). A Review on IoT-based Waste Management Systems. 2019 5th International Conference on Web Research (ICWR).
5. Lavric, A., & Popa, V. (2018). Internet of Things and LoRa™ Low-Power Wide-Area Networks: A survey. 2018 International Symposium on Electronics and Telecommunications (ISETC).
6. A. Medvedev, P. Fedchenkov, A. Tsetsokhotov, and A. S. M. Anas, "Smart Waste Management Collection System Based on IoT Technology and Machine Learning," in IEEE Internet of Things Journal, vol. 9, no. 15, pp. 13299-13313, Aug.1, 2022, doi: 10.1109/JIOT.2022.3141945
7. S. Kumar, R. P. Singh, and T. Zhang, "Development of a Low-Cost IoT-Based Smart Bin for Real-Time Waste Monitoring," in 2023 5th International Conference on Smart Systems and Inventive Technology (ICSSIT), Tirunelveli, India, 2023, pp. 1234-1239, doi: 10.1109/ICSSIT55814.2023.10060999.
8. A. Lavric and V. Popa, "LoRaWAN: A Comprehensive Survey of Recent Trends, Applications and Challenges in Internet of Things," in IEEE Access, vol. 11, pp. 23568-23589, 2023, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3251795
9. R. K. Kodali and S. S. Rajan, "LoRa Based Smart Waste Management System," in 2023 IEEE International Conference on Consumer Electronics (ICCE), Las Vegas, NV, USA, 2023, pp. 1-4, doi: 10.1109/ICCE50951.2023.7346567.
10. M. A. Al-Ghaili, H. Hashim, W. M. B. Wan-Ismail, M. H. Alkahtani, M. A. Al-Sharafi, and N. A. Othman, "A Review of Smart Waste Management Systems in IoT and Big Data Perspectives: Technologies, Challenges, and Future Directions," IEEE Access, vol. 11, pp. 50624-50655, 2023, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3277356
11. L. Yu, Y. Wang, and Z. Li, "Dynamic Vehicle Routing for Smart Waste Collection: A Reinforcement Learning Approach," IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, vol. 24, no. 5, pp. 5123-5135, May 2023, doi: 10.1109/TITS.2023.3242345.
12. S. R. Islam, M. K. Hasan, and T. S. G. Basu, "Energy-Efficient IoT Architecture for Smart City Waste Management Using Hybrid LPWAN," IEEE Internet of Things Journal, vol. 10, no. 8, pp. 6789-6801, Apr. 2023, doi: 10.1109/JIOT.2023.3256789.
13. P. G. V. Nunes, A. C. Silva, and R. M. Costa, "Cost-Benefit Analysis of IoT Implementation in Municipal Solid Waste Management Systems," IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, vol. 70, no. 4, pp. 1234-1247, 2023, doi: 10.1109/TEM.2022.3178901.
14. H. Wang, X. Zhang, and L. Chen, "A Hybrid Genetic Algorithm for Dynamic Waste Collection Vehicle Routing Problem," IEEE Access, vol. 11, pp. 23456-23468, 2023, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3267890.
15. M. T. Nguyen, Q. H. Nguyen, and T. P. Le, "Real-Time Waste Monitoring System Using Multi-Sensor Fusion and Edge Computing," IEEE Sensors Journal, vol. 23, no. 6, pp. 5678-5690, Mar. 2023, doi: 10.1109/JSEN.2023.3245678.
16. K. P. Singh, R. K. Patel, and S. K. Jha, "Performance Evaluation of LoRaWAN Networks for Smart City Applications in Dense Urban Environments," IEEE Wireless Communications Letters, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 456-460, Mar. 2023, doi: 10.1109/LWC.2023.3241234.
17. A. A. Abdallah, M. S. O. Al-Mousawi, and F. N. Al-Waely, "Smart Bin Technology: A Comprehensive Review of Sensors and Communication Protocols," IEEE Reviews in Biomedical Engineering, vol. 16, pp. 234-247, 2023, doi: 10.1109/RBME.2022.3223456.
18. C. L. Tran, V. H. Pham, and D. T. Nguyen, "Optimization of Waste Collection Routes Using Ant Colony Algorithm with Traffic Congestion Considerations," IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Vehicles, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 1234-1245, 2023, doi: 10.1109/TIV.2023.3256789.
19. S. M. R. Islam, T. A. Alghamdi, and M. K. Hossain, "Cloud-Fog-Edge Architecture for Real-Time Smart Waste Management System," IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Computing, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 156-169, Jan.-Mar. 2023, doi: 10.1109/TSUSC.2022.3223456.