Mechanism of Hydrogen Embrittlement by Volumetric Expansion and Transmutation by Cold Fusion


Authors : Noriyuki Kodama

Volume/Issue : Volume 8 - 2023, Issue 4 - April

Google Scholar : https://bit.ly/3TmGbDi

Scribd : https://bit.ly/42a5pbS

DOI : https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7894536

New mechanism of hydrogen embrittlement (HE) of metals based on my cold fusion mechanism is proposed. Low temperature HE is caused by the volumetric expansion at grain boundary based on the conventional theory and based on cold fusion that hydrogen negative ion can occupy expandable T site. High temperature HE is caused by vacancy generation by transmutation with femto-hydrogens generated by Cold Fusion. Because hydrogen can be positive(proton) if the metal is positive voltage, and the T site center is negatively charged because of the electronegativity of metal. On the grain boundary surface, metal lattice is imperfect and T-site vertex atom can have no bond to the adjacent lattice and it can move easily to have hydrogen negative ion with larger size than original T site space. I call this T site, expandable T-site. Thus, hydrogen can turn to negative ions with very large size by electrons at the expandable T site, which cause very large stress at grain boundary by volumetric expansion by hydrogen negative ions. Hydrogen environmental Embrittlement(HEE) is caused by the transmutation of metal atoms by femto-H2 created by the compression of covalent bond of hydrogen molecule at the expanded T site because of H+ joins to H- to be H2 at expanded T site. This mechanism to generate femto-hydrogen molecule is based on the electron deep orbit theory, which has been verified theoretically. Transmutation generates vacancies and interstitial atoms in metal, and the large number of vacancies aggregate into void which causes HEE at high temperature. The transmutation experiments by Cold Fusion with D2 gas verified that atomic number increases by 4. Because generated femtoD2 by compression of D2 at expandable T site can shield the coulomb repulsive force shielding to cause Cold Fusion. Although the number of femto-D2 seems to be very small due to the fusion consume D2 molecule. Transmutation experiment uses femto-D2 during Cold Fusion and transmutation is caused by the addition of two deuteron (d) to the target metal nucleus. Because experiments show clearly that increase of atomic number after transmutation is 4, therefore 2d=4 and d must have two charge, therefore, d must be constituted by 2 two protons and one internal electron, d is not constituted by proton and neutron. Thus, the nucleus is constituted only by proton and internal electron, and “neutron” is a pair of proton and electron in the tight bound state, which is the theory before the introduction of neutron. Because this finding has enormous impact on science, I would like to request researchers and institutions who study HE to study transmutation with femto-H2 to verify that cold fusion is caused by femto-D2 and hydrogen environmental embrittlement is caused by Cold Fusion, which will show that current nucleus model and neutron model are incorrect.

Keywords : Hydrogen Embrittlement; Cold Fusion; Electron Deep Orbit; Hydrogen Environmental Embrittlement; Neutron Nucleus Model.

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