Authors :
Noriyuki Kodama
Volume/Issue :
Volume 8 - 2023, Issue 4 - April
Google Scholar :
https://bit.ly/3TmGbDi
Scribd :
https://bit.ly/42a5pbS
DOI :
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7894536
Abstract :
New mechanism of hydrogen embrittlement
(HE) of metals based on my cold fusion mechanism is
proposed. Low temperature HE is caused by the
volumetric expansion at grain boundary based on the
conventional theory and based on cold fusion that
hydrogen negative ion can occupy expandable T site.
High temperature HE is caused by vacancy generation
by transmutation with femto-hydrogens generated by
Cold Fusion. Because hydrogen can be positive(proton)
if the metal is positive voltage, and the T site center is
negatively charged because of the electronegativity of
metal. On the grain boundary surface, metal lattice is
imperfect and T-site vertex atom can have no bond to
the adjacent lattice and it can move easily to have
hydrogen negative ion with larger size than original T
site space. I call this T site, expandable T-site. Thus,
hydrogen can turn to negative ions with very large size
by electrons at the expandable T site, which cause very
large stress at grain boundary by volumetric expansion
by hydrogen negative ions. Hydrogen environmental
Embrittlement(HEE) is caused by the transmutation of
metal atoms by femto-H2 created by the compression of
covalent bond of hydrogen molecule at the expanded T
site because of H＋ joins to H－ to be H2 at expanded T
site. This mechanism to generate femto-hydrogen
molecule is based on the electron deep orbit theory,
which has been verified theoretically. Transmutation
generates vacancies and interstitial atoms in metal, and
the large number of vacancies aggregate into void which
causes HEE at high temperature. The transmutation
experiments by Cold Fusion with D2 gas verified that
atomic number increases by 4. Because generated femtoD2 by compression of D2 at expandable T site can shield
the coulomb repulsive force shielding to cause Cold
Fusion. Although the number of femto-D2 seems to be
very small due to the fusion consume D2 molecule.
Transmutation experiment uses femto-D2 during Cold
Fusion and transmutation is caused by the addition of
two deuteron (d) to the target metal nucleus. Because
experiments show clearly that increase of atomic
number after transmutation is 4, therefore 2d=4 and d
must have two charge, therefore, d must be constituted
by 2 two protons and one internal electron, d is not
constituted by proton and neutron. Thus, the nucleus is
constituted only by proton and internal electron, and
“neutron” is a pair of proton and electron in the tight
bound state, which is the theory before the introduction
of neutron. Because this finding has enormous impact on
science, I would like to request researchers and
institutions who study HE to study transmutation with
femto-H2 to verify that cold fusion is caused by femto-D2
and hydrogen environmental embrittlement is caused by
Cold Fusion, which will show that current nucleus model
and neutron model are incorrect.
Keywords :
Hydrogen Embrittlement; Cold Fusion; Electron Deep Orbit; Hydrogen Environmental Embrittlement; Neutron Nucleus Model.
New mechanism of hydrogen embrittlement
(HE) of metals based on my cold fusion mechanism is
proposed. Low temperature HE is caused by the
volumetric expansion at grain boundary based on the
conventional theory and based on cold fusion that
hydrogen negative ion can occupy expandable T site.
High temperature HE is caused by vacancy generation
by transmutation with femto-hydrogens generated by
Cold Fusion. Because hydrogen can be positive(proton)
if the metal is positive voltage, and the T site center is
negatively charged because of the electronegativity of
metal. On the grain boundary surface, metal lattice is
imperfect and T-site vertex atom can have no bond to
the adjacent lattice and it can move easily to have
hydrogen negative ion with larger size than original T
site space. I call this T site, expandable T-site. Thus,
hydrogen can turn to negative ions with very large size
by electrons at the expandable T site, which cause very
large stress at grain boundary by volumetric expansion
by hydrogen negative ions. Hydrogen environmental
Embrittlement(HEE) is caused by the transmutation of
metal atoms by femto-H2 created by the compression of
covalent bond of hydrogen molecule at the expanded T
site because of H＋ joins to H－ to be H2 at expanded T
site. This mechanism to generate femto-hydrogen
molecule is based on the electron deep orbit theory,
which has been verified theoretically. Transmutation
generates vacancies and interstitial atoms in metal, and
the large number of vacancies aggregate into void which
causes HEE at high temperature. The transmutation
experiments by Cold Fusion with D2 gas verified that
atomic number increases by 4. Because generated femtoD2 by compression of D2 at expandable T site can shield
the coulomb repulsive force shielding to cause Cold
Fusion. Although the number of femto-D2 seems to be
very small due to the fusion consume D2 molecule.
Transmutation experiment uses femto-D2 during Cold
Fusion and transmutation is caused by the addition of
two deuteron (d) to the target metal nucleus. Because
experiments show clearly that increase of atomic
number after transmutation is 4, therefore 2d=4 and d
must have two charge, therefore, d must be constituted
by 2 two protons and one internal electron, d is not
constituted by proton and neutron. Thus, the nucleus is
constituted only by proton and internal electron, and
“neutron” is a pair of proton and electron in the tight
bound state, which is the theory before the introduction
of neutron. Because this finding has enormous impact on
science, I would like to request researchers and
institutions who study HE to study transmutation with
femto-H2 to verify that cold fusion is caused by femto-D2
and hydrogen environmental embrittlement is caused by
Cold Fusion, which will show that current nucleus model
and neutron model are incorrect.
Keywords :
Hydrogen Embrittlement; Cold Fusion; Electron Deep Orbit; Hydrogen Environmental Embrittlement; Neutron Nucleus Model.
