Authors :
Dr. Oyindamola Olaniyi Oyesaga
Volume/Issue :
Volume 9 - 2024, Issue 5 - May
Google Scholar :
https://tinyurl.com/yckvp7zn
Scribd :
https://tinyurl.com/278f3y2b
DOI :
https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/IJISRT24MAY1739
Note : A published paper may take 4-5 working days from the publication date to appear in PlumX Metrics, Semantic Scholar, and ResearchGate.
Abstract :
The US National Cancer Institute (NCI) define
cancer as a disease in which some of the body’s cells are
growing uncontrollably and are also spreading to other
parts of the body. Cancer disease is a major cause of
deaths worldwide and from the World Health
Organization (WHO) report, in year 2020 alone, cancer
caused about 10 million deaths globally. Also from a
WHO report, cancer disease is responsible for 1 out of
every 4 to 5 deaths worldwide. Conventionally, the
treatment of cancer is based on three major approaches,
viz; chemical therapy, surgery and radiation therapy.
But, the outcome and prognosis of the conventional
treatment of cancer disease is limited in its effectiveness,
so there is an urgent need for more research based
therapies that can effectively treat and manage cancer
disease. With that, the treatment outcome and the
survival rate of cancer will likely increase. Meanwhile,
the term tumour was originally applied to the swelling
caused by inflammation and there are two types of
tumours; benign tumours and malignant tumours.
Cancer is the common term for malignant tumours and
the normal progression of most malignant tumours can
be divided into four phases, which are; malignant change
in the target cells, growth of the changed cells, local
invasion of the surrounding tissues and organs by the
changed cells, and distant metastases of the changed cells
to other organs. In the clinical diagnosis of cancer disease,
systems have been developed to express the level of
differentiation of cancer within a patient (grade) and also
the extent of spread of cancer within a patient (stage).
The staging of cancers is based on the; size of the primary
lesion, its extent of spread to regional lymph nodes, and
the presence or absence of blood-borne metastases. Two
major staging systems are quite common and the first was
developed by the America Joint Committee (AJC) on
Cancer Staging, while the second was by the Union
Internationale Contre Cancer (UICC). The UICC
employs a classification called the TNM system. Normal
cells use the sophisticated process of respiration for their
cellular energy production, but cancer cells use the
primitive process of fermentation. However, no cell in its
right conditions would ever use fermentation when there
is enough oxygen, especially considering that
fermentation does not produce as much energy as
respiration, and it also creates toxic by-products. So,
fermentation is primitive and wasteful. But, surprisingly,
cancer cells use fermentation even when there is plenty of
oxygen around. That very observation is the basis of the
explanation for the Warburg effect, which is considered
to be the metabolic signature of most cancer cells. From
the meta-analysis research done on cancer at the
University of Cambridge, UK, it was concluded that
cancer is a mitochondrial disease and one of the effective
ways of managing it is through diets. So, it was concluded
from the meta-analysis that cancer growth and
progression can be managed through a whole body
transition from fermentable metabolites made up of
basically glutamine and glucose, to respiratory
metabolites made up of majorly ketone bodies.
Keywords :
Cancer Disease, Cancer Management, Metabolic Treatment, Cancer Review.
References :
- What is Cancer? National Institute of Health, National Cancer Institute and University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/ understanding/what-is-cancer [accessed on 10 October 2023]
- World Health Organization. Cancer https://www.who. int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cancer [accessed on 19 October 2023]
- Cancer Tomorrow – Global Cancer Observatory – IARC https://gco.iarc.fr/tomorrow/ [Accessed 19 October 2023]
- K. L. Farina The Economics of Cancer Care in the United States, The American Journal of Managed Care, Evidence Based Oncology, Volume 18, March 16, 2012
- Cancer Survival for Common Cancers. Cancer Research UK. https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/survival/common-cancers-compared#heading-Zero [Accessed 19 October 2023]
- V. Kuma, A. Abbas, N. Fausto Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease, 7th Edition 2005. Elsevier Saunders
- Immune System Explained - Better Health Channel. https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/immune-system [accessed 30 June 2020]
- Overview of the Immune System. NIH - National Institute of Allergy. https://www.niaid.nih.gov/research/ immune-system-overview [accessed 30 June 2020]
- D. T. Debela, S. G. Muzazu, et al. New approaches and procedures for cancer treatment: Current perspectives. SAGE Open Med. 2021; 9:20503121211034366. doi: 10.1177/20503121211034366
- S. Zaminpira, S. Niknamian The Prime Cause, Prevention and Treatment of Cancer. International Science and Investigation Journal. ISSN: 2251-8576. 2016, (5)5
- V. Longo, L. Fontana Calorie restriction and cancer prevention. National Institute of Health, National Library of Medicine, National Centre for Biotechnology Information. 2010 Jan 25. doi: 10.1016/j.tips.2009. 11.004
- T. N. Seyfried, R. E. Flores, et al. Cancer as a metabolic disease: implications for novel therapeutics. Carcinogenesis, Volume 35, Issue 3, March 2014, Pages 515-527. https://doi.org/10.1093/carcin/bgt480
- H. Douglas, A. Robert The Hallmarks of Cancer. Cell. Volume 100, Issue 1, P57-70, January 07, 2000
- Sasya. Sugar Basics: The differences between natural and refined sugars. https://sasyafoods.com/sugar-basics-the-differences-between-natural-and-refined-sugars/? v=7516fd43adaa [Accessed March 9, 2023]
- K. N. Max-Sidorov 7 Steps to Health. The International Council for Truth in Medicine
The US National Cancer Institute (NCI) define
cancer as a disease in which some of the body’s cells are
growing uncontrollably and are also spreading to other
parts of the body. Cancer disease is a major cause of
deaths worldwide and from the World Health
Organization (WHO) report, in year 2020 alone, cancer
caused about 10 million deaths globally. Also from a
WHO report, cancer disease is responsible for 1 out of
every 4 to 5 deaths worldwide. Conventionally, the
treatment of cancer is based on three major approaches,
viz; chemical therapy, surgery and radiation therapy.
But, the outcome and prognosis of the conventional
treatment of cancer disease is limited in its effectiveness,
so there is an urgent need for more research based
therapies that can effectively treat and manage cancer
disease. With that, the treatment outcome and the
survival rate of cancer will likely increase. Meanwhile,
the term tumour was originally applied to the swelling
caused by inflammation and there are two types of
tumours; benign tumours and malignant tumours.
Cancer is the common term for malignant tumours and
the normal progression of most malignant tumours can
be divided into four phases, which are; malignant change
in the target cells, growth of the changed cells, local
invasion of the surrounding tissues and organs by the
changed cells, and distant metastases of the changed cells
to other organs. In the clinical diagnosis of cancer disease,
systems have been developed to express the level of
differentiation of cancer within a patient (grade) and also
the extent of spread of cancer within a patient (stage).
The staging of cancers is based on the; size of the primary
lesion, its extent of spread to regional lymph nodes, and
the presence or absence of blood-borne metastases. Two
major staging systems are quite common and the first was
developed by the America Joint Committee (AJC) on
Cancer Staging, while the second was by the Union
Internationale Contre Cancer (UICC). The UICC
employs a classification called the TNM system. Normal
cells use the sophisticated process of respiration for their
cellular energy production, but cancer cells use the
primitive process of fermentation. However, no cell in its
right conditions would ever use fermentation when there
is enough oxygen, especially considering that
fermentation does not produce as much energy as
respiration, and it also creates toxic by-products. So,
fermentation is primitive and wasteful. But, surprisingly,
cancer cells use fermentation even when there is plenty of
oxygen around. That very observation is the basis of the
explanation for the Warburg effect, which is considered
to be the metabolic signature of most cancer cells. From
the meta-analysis research done on cancer at the
University of Cambridge, UK, it was concluded that
cancer is a mitochondrial disease and one of the effective
ways of managing it is through diets. So, it was concluded
from the meta-analysis that cancer growth and
progression can be managed through a whole body
transition from fermentable metabolites made up of
basically glutamine and glucose, to respiratory
metabolites made up of majorly ketone bodies.
Keywords :
Cancer Disease, Cancer Management, Metabolic Treatment, Cancer Review.
