Authors : Tania Hansdah; Muchiram Marndi; Umesh Sethi; Susmita Naik

Volume/Issue : Volume 11 - 2026, Issue 4 - April

Google Scholar : https://tinyurl.com/59wuhdus

Scribd : https://tinyurl.com/5c8trdhp

DOI : https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/26apr2101

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Abstract : A 28 GHz microstrip patch antenna is designed and optimized using a Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) framework for 5G millimeter-wave applications. The substrate considered is Rogers RT/Duroid 5880 with relative permittivity 2.2 and thickness 0.5 mm. Initial antenna dimensions are obtained from transmission-line based analytical formulations, which provide a starting point for numerical refinement. A four-parameter optimization space is defined, including patch length, patch width, and feed position coordinates. A multi-objective fitness function is formulated to simultaneously improve return loss, realized gain, and impedance bandwidth. The optimization process employs adaptive inertia weight, velocity clamping, and stagnation-based convergence control to ensure stable search behavior. A physicsinformed surrogate model is used to approximate electromagnetic performance, enabling rapid evaluation during optimization. The PSO algorithm iteratively adjusts antenna parameters to achieve target performance of S11 below −20 dB, gain above 8 dBi, and bandwidth greater than 500 MHz. Results demonstrate significant improvement over analytical design, with enhanced impedance matching and bandwidth characteristics. Convergence behavior and parameter sensitivity analysis indicate stable optimization and strong dependency on feed location and patch dimensions. The proposed framework provides a computationally efficient approach for antenna design and can be extended to full-wave solvers such as CST and HFSS for practical validation.

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