Authors : Dhanshree Kene; Rakesh Bhute

Volume/Issue : Volume 11 - 2026, Issue 4 - April

Google Scholar : https://tinyurl.com/y2ynhzkp

Scribd : https://tinyurl.com/4tjx84jz

DOI : https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/26apr1323

Note : A published paper may take 4-5 working days from the publication date to appear in PlumX Metrics, Semantic Scholar, and ResearchGate.

Abstract : Background: The global burden of healthcare-associated infections (HCAIs) and the accelerating emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens have created an urgent need for hand hygiene technologies that surpass the capabilities of conventional alcohol-based sanitisers. While ethanol and isopropanol formulations deliver rapid, broadspectrum microbial kill, their antimicrobial action ceases entirely upon evaporation — typically within 30 seconds of application — leaving hands unprotected against subsequent microbial exposure. Objective: This review critically examines the scientific basis, mechanisms of action, and formulation potential of nanoparticle-enhanced hand sanitisers as a next-generation approach to prolonged antimicrobial hand hygiene. Methods: A comprehensive literature synthesis was conducted covering peer-reviewed studies on antimicrobial nanoparticles — principally silver (AgNPs), zinc oxide (ZnONPs), titanium dioxide (TiO₂-NPs), chitosan (CSNPs), and gold (AuNPs) — with specific reference to their physicochemical properties, antimicrobial mechanisms, minimum inhibitory concentrations, and incorporation into topical sanitiser formulations. Results: Nanoparticles exert antimicrobial activity through multiple simultaneous mechanisms including cell membrane disruption, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, DNA strand interference, ribosomal denaturation, ATP synthesis inhibition, biofilm penetration, and sustained release of antimicrobial ions. AgNPs in the 9–15 nm range demonstrated the highest bactericidal efficacy, while ZnO-NPs offered photocatalytic activity and GRAS regulatory status. Critically, the sustained-release of Ag⁺ and Zn²⁺ ions from nanoparticle reservoirs provides continuous antimicrobial protection for hours to days post-application — a capability entirely absent in conventional formulations. Efficacy against MDR organisms including MRSA was consistently reported across multiple studies. Conclusion: Nanoparticle-enhanced hand sanitisers represent a scientifically robust, multi-mechanistic advancement in infection control. Challenges including cytotoxicity, environmental impact, and regulatory approval require targeted resolution through green synthesis, biocompatible nano-carrier design, and comprehensive clinical safety profiling before widespread deployment.

Keywords : Nanoparticles; Hand Sanitiser; Antimicrobial; Silver Nanoparticles; Prolonged Action

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