Authors : Dr. Sankar C.; Thilagavathi R.; Emily Jenifer; Harithra S. P.; Pavithra D.; Pavithra P.

Volume/Issue : Volume 10 - 2025, Issue 11 - November

Google Scholar : https://tinyurl.com/y5xw59r5

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DOI : https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/25nov951

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Abstract : Nanoparticles revolutionized the field of biomedicine. They have gained significant attention due to their tunable physicochemical characters, nanoscale dimensions, broad applicability across scientific disciplines. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of five principal nanoparticle classes’ metal nanoparticles, lipid nanoparticles, polymeric nanoparticles, nanocrystal, and dendrimer emphasizing their synthesis methodologies, structural characteristics, and functional applications. Metal nanoparticles, including gold (Au), silver (Ag)etc., They are used in biosensing, imaging, and therapeutic systems because of their remarkable exhibition of optical, magnetic and catalytic properties. Lipid-based nanoparticles demonstrate superior biocompatibility and are extensively utilized in drug delivery and vaccine formulations. Polymeric nanoparticles offer controlled release capabilities and mechanical flexibility suitable for the treatment of tissue engineering and regenerative medicines. Nanocrystals, characterized due to their high crystallinity and quantum size effects, are highly utilized in the optoelectronic and biomedical applications. Dendrimers, with their monodisperse and highly branched structures, provides efficient carriers for drugs, genes, and imaging agents. Various synthesis routes such as chemical reduction, self-assembly, emulsion polymerization, and green synthesis are evaluated for their influence on nanoparticle morphology, stability, and functionality. This review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of nanoparticles, facilitating future research and development.

Keywords : Nanoparticles: Nanocarrier, Classification, Synthesis, Biomedical Applications.

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