Authors : Sushmita P. Sawant; Madan D. Pomaje; Dr. Ashwini Patil

Volume/Issue : Volume 10 - 2025, Issue 11 - November

Google Scholar : https://tinyurl.com/4ps3jmjh

Scribd : https://tinyurl.com/54s4ptmz

DOI : https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/25nov1105

Note : A published paper may take 4-5 working days from the publication date to appear in PlumX Metrics, Semantic Scholar, and ResearchGate.

Note : Google Scholar may take 30 to 40 days to display the article.

Abstract : Conventional drug delivery systems such as tablets, capsules, and injections often suffer from limitations including poor solubility, low bioavailability, rapid clearance, and lack of site-specific targeting, which reduce therapeutic efficiency and increase systemic side effects. In recent years, nanotechnology has become a promising strategy for addressing these issues. Nanoparticles generally measure between 10 and 1000 nm, exhibit distinctive physicochemical properties, such as a large surface area and adjustable surface features, allowing for enhanced drug solubility, controlled release, and precise delivery. Nanoparticulate drug delivery systems (NDDS) offer several advantages, including enhanced bioavailability, reduced dosing frequency, and the ability to cross biological barriers like the blood–brain barrier. Several nanoparticle-based formulations, such as Doxil® and Abraxane®, have already received regulatory approval, highlighting their clinical potential. This review aims to provide an overview of nanoparticulate drug delivery systems, with an emphasis on the types of nanoparticles, methods of preparation, characterization, applications, regulatory considerations, and future perspectives.

Keywords : Nanoparticles, Drug Delivery, Targeted Delivery, Nanotechnology, Bioavailability.

References :

1. A. Yusuf, A. R. Z. Almotairy, H. Henidi, O. Y. Alshehri, and M. S. Aldughaim, “Nanoparticles as Drug Delivery Systems: A Review of the Implication of Nanoparticles’ Physicochemical Properties on Responses in Biological Systems,” Polymers (Basel), vol. 15, no. 7, p. 1596, Mar. 2023, doi: 10.3390/polym15071596.
2. K. Attri, M. Yadav, and S. Shrivastav, “Nanoparticles: A Novel Approach for Targeted Delivery of Medicines,” Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 734–739, May 2019, doi: 10.22270/jddt. v9i3.2721.
3. M. Geszke-Moritz and M. Moritz, “Biodegradable Polymeric Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery Systems: Comprehensive Overview, Perspectives and Challenges,” Polymers (Basel), vol. 16, no. 17, p. 2536, Sep. 2024, doi: 10.3390/polym16172536.
4. A. O. Elzoghby, W. M. Samy, and N. A. Elgindy, “Albumin-based nanoparticles as potential controlled release drug delivery systems,” Journal of Controlled Release, vol. 157, no. 2, pp. 168–182, Jan. 2012, doi: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2011.07.031.
5. M. Zenze, A. Daniels, and M. Singh, “Dendrimers as Modifiers of Inorganic Nanoparticles for Therapeutic Delivery in Cancer,” Pharmaceutics, vol. 15, no. 2, p. 398, Jan. 2023, doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020398.
6. S. Priya, V. M. Desai, and G. Singhvi, “Surface Modification of Lipid-Based Nanocarriers: A Potential Approach to Enhance Targeted Drug Delivery,” ACS Omega, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 74–86, Jan. 2023, doi: 10.1021/acsomega.2c05976.
7. I. Chauhan, M. Yasir, M. Verma, and A. P. Singh, “Nanostructured Lipid Carriers: A Groundbreaking Approach for Transdermal Drug Delivery,” Adv Pharm Bull, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 150–165, Feb. 2020, doi: 10.34172/apb.2020.021.
8. M. S. Aldughaim, M. Muthana, F. Alsaffar, and M. D. Barker, “Specific Targeting of PEGylated Liposomal Doxorubicin (Doxil®) to Tumour Cells Using a Novel TIMP3 Peptide,” Molecules, vol. 26, no. 1, p. 100, Dec. 2020, doi: 10.3390/molecules26010100.
9. Y. Chen and X. Feng, “Gold nanoparticles for skin drug delivery,” Int J Pharm, vol. 625, p. 122122, Sep. 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122122.
10. N.-D. Jaji, H. L. Lee, M. H. Hussin, H. M. Akil, M. R. Zakaria, and M. B. H. Othman, “Advanced nickel nanoparticles technology: From synthesis to applications,” Nanotechnol Rev, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 1456–1480, Dec. 2020, doi: 10.1515/ntrev-2020-0109.
11. S. S. Low et al., “Sonoproduction of nanobiomaterials – A critical review,” Ultrason Sonochem, vol. 82, p. 105887, Jan. 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2021.105887.
12. J. P. Rao and K. E. Geckeler, “Polymer nanoparticles: Preparation techniques and size-control parameters,” Prog Polym Sci, vol. 36, no. 7, pp. 887–913, Jul. 2011, doi: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2011.01.001.
13. A. Honciuc and O.-I. Negru, “Role of Surface Energy of Nanoparticle Stabilizers in the Synthesis of Microspheres via Pickering Emulsion Polymerization,” Nanomaterials, vol. 12, no. 6, p. 995, Mar. 2022, doi: 10.3390/nano12060995.
14. Q. Shen, “Advances in unusual interfacial polymerization techniques,” Polymer (Guildf), vol. 270, p. 125788, Mar. 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.polymer.2023.125788.
15. F. Zhong and C. Pan, “Dispersion Polymerization versus Emulsifier‐Free Emulsion Polymerization for Nano‐Object Fabrication: A Comprehensive Comparison,” Macromol Rapid Commun, vol. 43, no. 3, Feb. 2022, doi: 10.1002/marc.202100566.
16. J. Loureiro, S. P. Miguel, I. J. Seabra, M. P. Ribeiro, and P. Coutinho, “Single-Step Self-Assembly of Zein–Honey–Chitosan Nanoparticles for Hydrophilic Drug Incorporation by Flash Nanoprecipitation,” Pharmaceutics, vol. 14, no. 5, p. 920, Apr. 2022, doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14050920.
17. M. Tarhini et al., “Protein-based nanoparticle preparation via nanoprecipitation method,” Materials, vol. 11, no. 3, Mar. 2018, doi: 10.3390/ma11030394.
18. G. Li et al., “An improved solvent evaporation method to produce poly (lactic acid) microspheres via foam-transfer,” Int J Biol Macromol, vol. 172, pp. 114–123, Mar. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.01.031.
19. D. Bokov et al., “Nanomaterial by Sol‐Gel Method: Synthesis and Application,” Advances in Materials Science and Engineering, vol. 2021, no. 1, Jan. 2021, doi: 10.1155/2021/5102014.
20. L. Shu, Y. Gong, M. Lin, J. Sun, and X. Chen, “Advanced coacervation-driven nanoscale polymeric assemblies for biomedical applications,” Appl Phys Rev, vol. 11, no. 2, Jun. 2024, doi: 10.1063/5.0197742.
21. S. L. Yupanqui-Mendoza and V. Arantes, “An enzymatic hydrolysis-based platform technology for the efficient high-yield production of cellulose nanospheres,” Int J Biol Macromol, vol. 278, p. 134602, Oct. 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.134602.
22. Y. Alhamhoom, G. Ravi, R. A. M. Osmani, U. Hani, and G. M. Prakash, “Formulation, Characterization, and Evaluation of Eudragit-Coated Saxagliptin Nanoparticles Using 3 Factorial Design Modules,” Molecules, vol. 27, no. 21, Nov. 2022, doi: 10.3390/molecules27217510.
23. M. Mabrouk, D. B. Das, Z. A. Salem, and H. H. Beherei, “Nanomaterials for Biomedical Applications: Production, Characterisations, Recent Trends and Difficulties,” Molecules, vol. 26, no. 4, p. 1077, Feb. 2021, doi: 10.3390/molecules26041077.
24. Y. Song, K. Fang, M. N. Bukhari, K. Zhang, Z. Tang, and R. Wang, “Disperse dye/poly (styrene-methacrylic acid) nanospheres with high coloration performance for textiles,” J Clean Prod, vol. 263, p. 121538, Aug. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.121538.
25. J. Weng, H. H. Y. Tong, and S. F. Chow, “In Vitro Release Study of the Polymeric Drug Nanoparticles: Development and Validation of a Novel Method,” Pharmaceutics, vol. 12, no. 8, p. 732, Aug. 2020, doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12080732.
26. A. N. Payzullaev, B. A. Allaev, S. Z. Mirzaev, J. M. Abdiev, J. Urinov, and A. Parkash, “The Impact of Silicon Dioxide Nanoparticle Size on the Viscosity and Stability of Nanofluids: A Comprehensive Study,” ECS Advances, vol. 2, no. 3, p. 031001, Sep. 2023, doi: 10.1149/2754-2734/ace121.
27. J. Krishnan, P. Poomalai, A. Ravichandran, A. Reddy, and R. Sureshkumar, “A Concise Review on Effect of PEGylation on the Properties of Lipid-Based Nanoparticles,” Assay Drug Dev Technol, vol. 22, no. 5, pp. 246–264, Jul. 2024, doi: 10.1089/adt.2024.015.
28. Y. Wang et al., “Enhanced dispersion stability of gold nanoparticles by the physisorption of cyclic poly (ethylene glycol),” Nat Commun, vol. 11, no. 1, p. 6089, Nov. 2020, doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-19947-8.
29. M. Chorny, I. Fishbein, H. D. Danenberg, and G. Golomb, “Lipophilic drug loaded nanospheres prepared by nanoprecipitation: effect of formulation variables on size, drug recovery and release kinetics,” Journal of Controlled Release, vol. 83, no. 3, pp. 389–400, Oct. 2002, doi: 10.1016/S0168-3659(02)00211-0.
30. R. Sridhar and S. Ramakrishna, “Electrosprayed nanoparticles for drug delivery and pharmaceutical applications,” Biomatter, vol. 3, no. 3, Jul. 2013, doi: 10.4161/biom.24281.
31. N. Dhiman, R. Awasthi, B. Sharma, H. Kharkwal, and G. T. Kulkarni, “Lipid Nanoparticles as Carriers for Bioactive Delivery,” Front Chem, vol. 9, Apr. 2021, doi: 10.3389/fchem.2021.580118.
32. H. Nazlı, B. Mesut, and Y. Özsoy, “In Vitro Evaluation of a Solid Supersaturated Self Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System (Super-SNEDDS) of Aprepitant for Enhanced Solubility,” Pharmaceuticals, vol. 14, no. 11, p. 1089, Oct. 2021, doi: 10.3390/ph14111089.
33. R. Kesharwani, P. Jaiswal, D. K. Patel, and P. K. Yadav, “Lipid-Based Drug Delivery System (LBDDS): An Emerging Paradigm to Enhance Oral Bioavailability of Poorly Soluble Drugs,” Biomedical Materials & Devices, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 648–663, Sep. 2023, doi: 10.1007/s44174-022-00041-0.
34. S. Bertoni, N. Passerini, and B. Albertini, “Nanomaterials for oral drug administration,” in Nanotechnology for Oral Drug Delivery, Elsevier, 2020, pp. 27–76. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-818038-9.00004-1.
35. R. Maher, A. Moreno-Borrallo, D. Jindal, B. T. Mai, E. Ruiz-Hernandez, and A. Harkin, “Intranasal Polymeric and Lipid-Based Nanocarriers for CNS Drug Delivery,” Pharmaceutics, vol. 15, no. 3, p. 746, Feb. 2023, doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15030746.
36. J. Kim et al., “Microfluidic Platform Enables Shearless Aerosolization of Lipid Nanoparticles for mRNA Inhalation,” ACS Nano, vol. 18, no. 17, pp. 11335–11348, Apr. 2024, doi: 10.1021/acsnano.4c00768.
37. D. Khiev et al., “Emerging Nano-Formulations and Nanomedicines Applications for Ocular Drug Delivery,” Nanomaterials, vol. 11, no. 1, p. 173, Jan. 2021, doi: 10.3390/nano11010173.
38. T. Jamshidnejad-Tosaramandani, S. Kashanian, I. Karimi, and H. B. Schiöth, “Synthesis of an insulin-loaded mucoadhesive nanoparticle designed for intranasal administration: focus on new diffusion media,” Front Pharmacol, vol. 14, Aug. 2023, doi: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1227423.
39. K. Bahrami, E. Lee, B. Morse, O. L. Lanier, and N. A. Peppas, “Design of nanoparticle-based systems for the systemic delivery of chemotherapeutics: Alternative potential routes via sublingual and buccal administration for systemic drug delivery,” Drug Deliv Transl Res, vol. 14, no. 5, pp. 1173–1188, May 2024, doi: 10.1007/s13346-023-01493-7.
40. X. Cheng, Q. Xie, and Y. Sun, “Advances in nanomaterial-based targeted drug delivery systems,” Front Bioeng Biotechnol, vol. 11, Apr. 2023, doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1177151.
41. S. Dahiya, R. Dahiya, and E. Hernández, “Nanocarriers for Anticancer Drug Targeting: Recent Trends and Challenges,” Crit Rev Ther Drug Carrier Syst, vol. 38, no. 6, pp. 49–103, 2021, doi: 10.1615/CritRevTherDrugCarrierSyst.2021035650.
42. Y. Choi, J. Kim, S. Yu, and S. Hong, “pH- and temperature-responsive radially porous silica nanoparticles with high-capacity drug loading for controlled drug delivery,” Nanotechnology, vol. 31, no. 33, p. 335103, Aug. 2020, doi: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab9043.
43. J. C. Munyemana, H. He, C. Fu, Y. Fan, X. Sun, and J. Xiao, “Recombinant Collagen-Templated Biomineralized Synthesis of Biocompatible pH-Responsive Porous Calcium Carbonate Nanospheres,” ACS Omega, vol. 8, no. 34, pp. 30879–30887, Aug. 2023, doi: 10.1021/acsomega.3c01467.
44. N. Van Bavel, A.-M. Lewrenz, T. Issler, L. Pang, M. Anikovskiy, and E. J. Prenner, “Synthesis of Alginate Nanoparticles Using Hydrolyzed and Enzyme-Digested Alginate Using the Ionic Gelation and Water-in-Oil Emulsion Method,” Polymers (Basel), vol. 15, no. 5, p. 1319, Mar. 2023, doi: 10.3390/polym15051319.
45. N. Wang, L. Chen, W. Huang, Z. Gao, and M. Jin, “Current Advances of Nanomaterial-Based Oral Drug Delivery for Colorectal Cancer Treatment,” Nanomaterials, vol. 14, no. 7, p. 557, Mar. 2024, doi: 10.3390/nano14070557.
46. T. Matoba, J. Koga, K. Nakano, K. Egashira, and H. Tsutsui, “Nanoparticle-mediated drug delivery system for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease,” J Cardiol, vol. 70, no. 3, pp. 206–211, Sep. 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.jjcc.2017.03.005.
47. B. Brar, S. Marwaha, A. K. Poonia, B. Koul, S. Kajla, and V. D. Rajput, “Nanotechnology: a contemporary therapeutic approach in combating infections from multidrug-resistant bacteria,” Arch Microbiol, vol. 205, no. 2, p. 62, Feb. 2023, doi: 10.1007/s00203-023-03404-3.
48. H. Peng et al., “Challenges and opportunities in delivering oral peptides and proteins,” Expert Opin Drug Deliv, vol. 20, no. 10, pp. 1349–1369, Oct. 2023, doi: 10.1080/17425247.2023.2237408.
49. N. Kimura, M. Maeki, A. Ishida, H. Tani, and M. Tokeshi, “One-Step Production Using a Microfluidic Device of Highly Biocompatible Size-Controlled Noncationic Exosome-like Nanoparticles for RNA Delivery,” ACS Appl Bio Mater, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 1783–1793, Feb. 2021, doi: 10.1021/acsabm.0c01519.
50. A. O. Elzoghby, W. M. Samy, and N. A. Elgindy, “Albumin-based nanoparticles as potential controlled release drug delivery systems,” Journal of Controlled Release, vol. 157, no. 2, pp. 168–182, Jan. 2012, doi: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2011.07.031.
51. A. Simões, F. Veiga, and C. Vitorino, “Question-based review for pharmaceutical development: An enhanced quality approach,” European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, vol. 195, p. 114174, Feb. 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2023.114174.
52. Yash gupta vishal rai, “NANOTECHNOLOGY BASED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM CURRENT STATUS AND FUTURE PROSPECTS,” International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science, May 2023, doi: 10.56726/IRJMETS39424.
53. S. Adepu and S. Ramakrishna, “Controlled Drug Delivery Systems: Current Status and Future Directions,” Molecules, vol. 26, no. 19, p. 5905, Sep. 2021, doi: 10.3390/molecules26195905.
54. S. H. Boppana et al., “Current approaches in smart nano‐inspired drug delivery: A narrative review,” Health Sci Rep, vol. 7, no. 4, Apr. 2024, doi: 10.1002/hsr2.2065.
55. D. Marabada, J. Li, S. Wei, Q. Huang, and Z. Wang, “Cyclodextrin based nanoparticles for smart drug delivery in colorectal cancer,” Chem Biol Drug Des, vol. 102, no. 6, pp. 1618–1631, Dec. 2023, doi: 10.1111/cbdd.14344.