Authors : Dr. Sharath Kumar Shetty; Dr. Anagha Rao

Volume/Issue : Volume 11 - 2026, Issue 9 - September

Google Scholar : https://tinyurl.com/mtsvh5xf

DOI : https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/26sep151

Note : A published paper may take 4-5 working days from the publication date to appear in PlumX Metrics, Semantic Scholar, and ResearchGate.

Abstract : Root torque is essential for three-dimensional orthodontic tooth control and influences incisor inclination, occlusion, facial esthetics and periodontal health. Although preadjusted appliances incorporate predetermined third-order information into bracket prescriptions, prescribed torque does not necessarily correspond to clinically expressed torque. Torque expression is influenced by bracket positioning, slot and archwire dimensions, torsional play, wire material, edge geometry, ligation, bracket deformation and manufacturing variability. In addition, root movement is constrained by the alveolar housing and periodontal tissues. This narrative review examines orthodontic torque through three interconnected concepts: prescription, mechanical expression and biological limitation. Evidence concerning bracket prescription, bracket– archwire interaction, archwire mechanics, anterior torque control, skeletal anchorage and customized digital appliances is reviewed. Recent developments, including low-play bracket–archwire designs and 3D-printed customized brackets, may improve mechanical precision, although their clinical superiority remains incompletely established. Predictable torque control requires individualized treatment objectives, accurate appliance positioning, appropriate archwire selection and consideration of the patient's biological envelope. Torque should therefore be regarded not as a fixed bracket value but as a patient-specific biomechanical variable.

Keywords : Orthodontic Torque; Root Torque; Third-Order Tooth Movement; Bracket Prescription; Torsional Play; Torque Expression; Archwire Mechanics; Alveolar Housing; Customized Brackets.

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