Diabetes is caused by irregular insulin secretion and activity levels, leading to cellular hypoglycemia and extracellular intolerance to glucose. It is triggered by non-enzymatic protein glycation and oxidative stress, which damage cells in several ways. Oxidative damage is an imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and a biological system's capacity to detoxify reactive intermediates or restore damage, which can lead to metabolic abnormalities in obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Plant-based medicines have gained popularity, but their efficacy may be affected by dosage, frequency, and genetic and metabolic variations. Cyanobacteria produce beneficial chemicals such as phycocyanin, which can modulate blood sugar via distinct biological pathways.

Keywords : Non-Enzymatic Protein Glycation, ROS, Cyanobacteria, Phycocyanin.