Authors : Augustine Ogbonna Akpuru; Livinus Ifeanyi Anyanwu; Suzy Lewechi Ik-Ukennaya; Chika Happiness Orji; Annastacia Gbemudu Vincent

Volume/Issue : Volume 9 - 2024, Issue 9 - September

Google Scholar : https://tinyurl.com/yutrbuav

Scribd : https://tinyurl.com/bfkvbyj6

DOI : https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/IJISRT24SEP466

Note : A published paper may take 4-5 working days from the publication date to appear in PlumX Metrics, Semantic Scholar, and ResearchGate.

Abstract : The study aimed to assess the levels of anti- nutrients and phenolic compounds in under-utilized seeds such as African oil bean seed (Pentaclethra macrophylla), cashew nut seed (Anacardium occidentale), cucumeropsis seed (Cucurbita maxima), groundnut seed (Arachis hypogeal), and soya bean seed (Glycine max). The goal was to understand the impact of these compounds on the nutritional value of the seeds and to identify potential preventive measures. Neglected and under-utilized crops are plant species that have historically been used for food, fiber, fodder, oil, or medicinal purposes but have diminished in importance over time due to specific supply and utilization constraints. These constraints may include poor shelf life, unrecognized nutritional value, low consumer awareness, and reputational issues (such as being considered famine food or "poor people’s food," often due to changes in agricultural practices). Anti- nutrients are substances commonly present in food that can be harmful to humans and can limit the availability of nutrients to the body. Sun-dried soya bean and groundnut seeds were ground, while African oil bean, cucumeropsis, and cashew nut seeds were mechanically dehulled and ground without heat. Oxalate and phytate levels were determined through titration, and carotenoid levels were determined spectrophotometrically. Various methods were used to determine the presence of tannins, trypsin inhibitors, cyanogenic glycosides, hemagglutinins, saponins, alkaloids, phenols, steroids, and flavonoids. It was found that African oil bean seed had higher concentrations of the analyzed anti-nutrients and phenolic compounds compared to the other seeds studied.

Keywords : Antinutrients, Phenolic Compounds, Underutilized Seeds, Nutritional Value, Oxalate and Phytate Levels, Titration and Spectrophotometry.

References :

1. Aju, P. C. (2010). Understanding and Appreciating the Need for Biodiversity Conservation in Nigeria. In: S. Kolade Adeyoju and S. Obafemi Bada (eds.) Readings in Sustainable Tropical Forest Management, pp. 25-36.
2. Achinewhu S. (1983). The saponins content of some Nigerian oil seeds. Qualitas Plantarum plant foods for human nutrition. 33.3-9.10.1007/BF-01093732.
3. Akande, K. E., Doma, U. D., Agu, H. O. and Adamu, H. M. (2010). Major Anti-nutrients Found in Plant Protein Sources: Their Effect on Nutrition. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 9 (8): 827-832.
4. Andreas, L. (2009). Molecular, Clinical and Environmental Toxicology: Springer. p.20.
5. Asim K. D. (2021). Bioactive alkaloids: Evidence-based nutrition and clinical evidence of bioactive foods in human health and disease. Elsevier BV, p 1098-1108
6. Awoyinka O. A., Ileola A. O., Imeoria C. N., Tijani T. D., Oladele F. C., Asaolu M. F.              (2016). Comparison of phytochemicals and antinutritional factors in some selected      wild and edible bean in Nigeria. Food and Nutrition Sciences, 7(2): 102-111.
7. Belmar, R., Nava-montero R., Sandoval-castro C. and McNab J. M. (1999). Jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis L. DC.) in poultry diets: Antinutritional factors and detoxification studies-a review. World Poultry Scientific Journal, 55:37-59.
8. Bolhuis, G. G., (2003). The toxicity of cassava roots. Nesh Journal of Agricultural Science, 2(3): 176-185.
9. Boudet, A. M. (2007). Evolution and Current Status of Research in Phenolic Compounds. Phytochemistry, 68: 2722-2735.
10. Boyel, W. and Shepiengh, (2001). Specification, precipitation activity of plant agglutinin (lectin) science. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 8: 119-419.
11. Brown AC (2007). Chemistry of Food Composition: Understanding Food Properties and     Preparation 3^rd Edn., Wadsworth Publishing Co., United States, pp. 46-49.
12. Butler, L. G., (1989). Effects of condensed tannins on animal nutrition. In: Chemistry and significance of condensed tannins. (Editors: Hemingway, R. W. and J. J. Karchesy). Plenum Press, New York, pp. 391-402.
13. CBD (Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity) (2000). Sustaining Life on        Earth.How the Convention on Biological Diversity Promotes Nature and Human             Well-being, p. 19.
14. Cecille V., Eugenia R., Christophe R. (2012). Boosting crop yields with plant steroids: The   Plant Cell. National Library of Medicine, 24(3): 842-857.
15. Cheeke, P. R. and L. R. Shull, (1985). Tannins and Polyphenolic Compounds. In: Natural Toxicants in Feeds and Poisonous Plants. AVI Publishing Company, USA.
16. Chimaobi O. U., Janefrances N. I., Matthias O. A., Nwachukwu R. E., Felix I. N., Emmanuel I. O. (2019). Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Studies of the Leaf Extract and Fractions of Sabicea brevipes Wernham (Rubiaceae). International Journal of Biochemistry Research & Review, 27: 1-11
17. Chinasa C. E. (2021). Standardization and toxicological studies of the leaf of Senna Siamea Irwin and Barneby (Fabaceae) collected from Agulu in Awka South of Anambra state. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, 3(1): 25-36.
18. Croteau, R., Kutchan, T. M. and Lewis, N. G. (2000). Natural products (secondary metabolites). In: Buchanan B, Gruissem W, Jones R. (eds). Biochemistry and molecular biology of plants. American Society of Plant Physiologist, Rockville, pp. 1250-1318.
19. Cushnie, T. P., Cushnie, B. and Lamb, A. J. (2014). Alkaloids: an overview of their antimicrobial, antibiotic enhancing and antivirulence activities. International Journal for Antimicrobial Agents, 44 (5): 377-386.
20. Divi, U. K. and Krishna, P. (2009). Brassinosteroids: A biotechnological target for enhancing crop yield and stress tolerance. New Biotechnology Journal, 26: 131-136.
21. D’Mello, J. P. F., (2000). Anti-nutritional factors and mycotoxins. In: Farm animal metabolism and nutrition. CAB International Wallingford: UK, pp. 383-403.
22. Food and Agricultural Organization, (1997). The State of the World’s Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. Rome.
23. Ehimen R. O., Abiodun A. A., Michael A. I., Olajide P. S., Adeniyi T. A., Ishola R. O., Simeon O. A., Tolulope O. O., Ayorinde F. (2017). Nutrition composition, functional and pasting properties of unripe cooking banana, pigeon pea, and sweet-potato flour    blends. Food Science & Nutrition, 5(3): 750-762.
24. Fiehn,  O. (2002). Metabolomics: the link between genotypes and phenotypes. Plant Molecular Biology, 48: 155-171.
25. Friday, O. U., Emeka, E. J. I. and Ijeoma, K. (2011). Studies on the chemical and antinutritional content of some Nigerian spices. International Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism, 3 (6): 72-76.
26. Graham, L. E., Cook, M. E. and Busse, J. S. (2000). The origin of plants: body plan changes contributing to a major evolutionary radiation. Proc National Academy for Science: USA, 97: 4535-4540.
27. Griffiths, D. O. (2000). The inhibition of enzymes by extract of field beans (Vicia faba). Journal of Science, Food and Agriculture, 30: 458-462.
28. Hanna S., Zdzislaw E. S. (2023). Chemical and functional properties of food components. CRC Press.
29. Harbone, J. B. (1980). Plant phenolics. In: Bell, E. A. and Charlwood, B. V. (eds). Secondary plant products: Encyclopedia of plant physiology, Springer: Berlin, 8: 329-402.
30. Haslam, E. (1989). Plant polyphenols: vegetable tannins revisited. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.
31. Helsper, J. P., Hoogendijk, J. M., A. Van Norel and K. Burger-meyer, (1993). Antinutritional
32. factors in faba beans (Vicia faba L.) as affected by breeding toward the absence of condensed tannins. Journal of Agricultural Food Chemistry, 41: 1058-1061.
33. Inuwa, V. O., Baba, G., Aimola, I. and Amao, T. (2011). Comparative Determination of Anti-nutritional Factors in Groundnut Oil and Palm Oil. Advanced Journal of Food Science and Technology, 3 (4): 275-279.
34. Jaffe, C. S. (2003). Analytical Chemistry of Food. Blackie Academic and Professional: New York, 1: 200.
35. Jenkins, K. J. and A. S. Atwal, (1994). Effects of dietary saponins on faecal bile acids and neutral sterols and availability of vitamins A and E in the chick. Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, 5: 134-137.
36. Kingsford K., Lyndon N. A. S., Osei A. (2023). Impact of accumulation of copper from        application of copper-based fungicides on soil properties in Ghana. Discover Environment, 1(1)
37. Kittakopp, P., Mahdol, C. and Ruchirawal, S. (2014). Alkaloids as important scaffolds in therapeutic drugs for the treatments of cancer, tuberculosis, and smoking cessation. Current Top Medical Chemistry, 14 (2): 239-252.
38. Kumar, R. and T. Horigome, (1986). Fractionation, characterization and protein precipitating
39. capacity of the condensed tannins from Robinia pseudoacacia (L.) leaves. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry, 34: 487-489.HHH
40. Kumar, R. and M. Singh, (1984). Tannins: Their adverse role in ruminant nutrition. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry, 32: 447-453.
41. Lattanzio, V., Kroon, P. A., Quideau, S. and Treutter, D. (2008). Plant phenolics: secondary metabolites with diverse functions. In: Daayf, F. and Lattanzio, V. (eds). Recent advances in polyphenol research, Wiley-Blackwell: Oxford, 1: 1-35.
42. Laxmi K. B., Sandeep S., Tanu J. (2023). Estimation of physico-chemical and heavy metals in the Lakes of Grovnes and Broknes Peninsula, Larsemann Hill, East Antarctica. Chemistry Africa, 6(5)
43. Liener, I. E. (1995). Possible adverse effects of soya bean anticarcinogens. American Institute of Nutrition, 125: 7445-7505.
44. Lilian C. A. (2020). Updating the data base of indigenous raw food materials by analyzing their chemical compositions. Asian Food Science Journal, 16(1): 1-13
45. Lowry, J. B. (1990). Toxic factors and problems: Methods of alleviating them in animals. In: Devendra (ed). Shrubs and tree fodders for farm animals, IDRC: Canada, 76-88.
46. Lucas, G. M. and Markaka, P. (1975). Phytic acid and other phosphorus compound of bean (Phaseolus vugaris). Journal of Agricultural Education and Chemistry, 23: 13-15.
47. Magbagbeola, J. A. O., Adetoso, J. A. and Owolabi, O. A. (2010). “Neglected and Underutilized Species (NUS): A Panacea for Community Focused Development to Poverty Alleviation/Poverty Reduction in Nigeria”, Journal of Economics and International Finance, 2 (10): 208-211.
48. Manach, C., Williamson, G., Morand, C., Scalbert, A. and Remesy, C. (2005). Bioavailability and bioefficacy of polyphenols in human. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 81 (1): 230-242.
49. Mbaeyi-Nwaoha I. E., Onwuka C. P. (2014). Comparative evaluation of antimicrobial properties and phytochemical composition of Artocarpus altilis leaves using ethanol, n-hexane and water. African Journal of Microbiology Research,8(37): 3409-3421
50. McDonald, P., R. A. Edwards, J. F. D. Greenhalgh and C. A. Morgan (1995). Animal nutrition, Longman group Ltd., UK., 5, 607.
51. Munro, A. B. (2000). Oxalate in Nigerian vegetables. West African Journal of Biology and Applied Chemistry, 12 (1): 14-18.
52. Muzquiz M., Hill G. D., Cuadrado C., Pedrosa M. M., Burbano C. (2004). Recent advances of research in antinutritional factors in legume seeds and oilseeds. Wageningen Academic Publishers, 110: 1-384
53. Do Nascimento, N. C. and Fett-Neto, A. G. (2010). Plant secondary metabolism and challenges in modifying its operation: an overview. In: Fett-Neto, A. G. (ed). Plant secondary metabolism engineering: methods and application, methods in molecular biology: Humana Press, New York, 643: 1-13.
54. N. E. Abu, Omeke J. O., Ojua E. O. (2019). Effect of Different Mutagens on Some Mineral, Phytochemical and Proximate Compositions of Two Red Pepper Varieties. Annual       Research & Review in Biology, 33 (2): 1-13
55. Okaka, J. C. and Okaka, A. N. O. (2001). Food composition, spoilage and shelf-life extension. Ociarco Academic publishers: Enugu, Nigeria, pp. 54-57, 61-66.
56. Olomu, J. M. (1995). Monogastric animal nutrition, principles and practice. Jachem publication, p. 320.
57. Oluwafemi A. A., Anthony E., Ademiju A. (2023). Organoleptic Parameters, Tibia Bone       Growth and Mineral Retention of Broiler Chicken Fed Moringa Oleifera and Allium Sativum. Slovak Journal of Animal Science, 56(3): 3-12
58. Onwuka, G. (2005). Food Analysis and Instrumentation. Naphohla Prints: A Division of HG Support Nigeria Ltd., 3: 133-161.
59. Prokopet, G. and Unlenbruck, K. W. (2002). Protectine eine nen kalsse anti-kowperahlich verbindungen dish. Ges. Heit., 23: 318.
60. Quideau, S. (2009). Chemistry and biology of ellagitannins, an underestimated class of bioactive plant polyphenols. World Scientific, London.
61. Ramkrishna S., Susmita M., Rajashree P., Rajiv N. (2019). Biotechnology and biological  sciences. Routledge, 452.
62. Rao, P. and Desothale, Y. G. (1998). Tannin content of pulses varietal difference and effects of germination and cooking. Journal of Science, Food and Agriculture, 33: 1013-1015.
63. Raymond, S. S., Jonathan, S. J., Michael, S. and Walkins, P. (2010). The essence of analgesia and analgesics. Cambridge University Press, 82-90.
64. Robards, R. and Antolovich, M. (1997). Analytical chemistry of fruit bioflavonoids. A review. Analyst, 122: 11-34.
65. Robert, H. A. and Yudkin, J. (1991). Effect of phytate and other dietary factors: intestinal and bone calcification in rat. British Journal of Nutrition, 15: 467.
66. Russo, P., Frustaci, A., Del Bufalo, A., Fini, M. and Cesario, A. (2013). Multi-target drugs of plant origin acting on Alzheimer’s disease. Current Medical Chemistry, 20 (13): 1686-1693.
67. Sneh P., Anil K. S., Manoj K. (2021). Handbook of cereals, pulses, roots, and tubers - functionality, health benefits, and applications, CRC Press.
68. Swati M., Komal C. (2022). Physicochemical, nutritional, and sensory characteristics of gluten-free muffins prepared from finger millet, germinated black soybean, and kenaf leaves composite flour. Journal of Food Processing and Preservation, 46(11) 
69. Veitch, N. C. and Grayer, R. J. (2011). Flavonoids and their glycosides, including anthocyanins. Natural Products and Reproductions, 28: 1626-1695.
70. Wasiu T., Adijat I., Bolanle D. J. (2023). Nutritional and Antinutritional Composition of       Some Spices Used as Food Condiments in Akure, Southwest Nigeria. Fudma Journal of Sciences, 7 (4): 265-271
71. Williams, J. T. and Haq N. (2002). Global research on underutilized crops: an assessment of current activities and proposals for enhanced cooperation, Southampton, UK.: International Centre for Underutilized Crops. Retrieved 21 April 2016.